{"id":2987,"date":"2014-04-04T13:35:55","date_gmt":"2014-04-04T12:35:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=2987"},"modified":"2016-04-13T15:01:48","modified_gmt":"2016-04-13T14:01:48","slug":"bovine-viral-diarrhoea","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/","title":{"rendered":"Bovine Viral Diarrhea"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Bovine Viral Diarrhea&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Cattle Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_D\" href=\"#\">D<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_I\" href=\"#\">I<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_U\" href=\"#\">U<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_V\" href=\"#\">V<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abomasal-displacement\/\">Abomasal Displacement<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abortion\/\">Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/acetonaemia\/\">Acetonemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinobacillosis\/\">Actinobacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinomycosis\/\">Actinomycosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/allergic-dermatitis\/\">Allergic Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/blackleg\/\">Blackleg<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bloat\/\">Bloat<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/botulism\/\">Botulism<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-fasciolosis\/\">Bovine Fasciolosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-herpes-1\/\">Bovine Herpes-1<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/\">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-tuberculosis\/\">Bovine Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/\">Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/brucellosis\/\">Brucellosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bse\/\">BSE<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bvd\/\">BVD<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calcium-deficiency\/\">Calcium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-diarrhoea\/\">Calf Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-pneumonia\/\">Calf Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis\/\">Campylobacteriosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical Necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/clostridial-disease\/\">Clostridial Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/colibacillosis\/\">Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/conjunctivitis\/\">Conjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/copper-deficiency\/\">Copper Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coronavirus\/\">Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_D'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_D'>D<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatitis\/\">Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatophytosis\/\">Dermatophytosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dictyocaulus-viviparus\/\">Dictyocaulus viviparus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/digital-dermatitis\/\">Digital Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection\/\">E. coli infection<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/eimeria\/\">Eimeria<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/endoparasites\/\">Endoparasites<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/enzootic-pneumonia\/\">Enzootic Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/epizootic-abortion\/\">Epizootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/etec\/\">ETEC<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica\/\">Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fat-cow-syndrome\/\">Fat Cow Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/flabby-bag\/\">Flabby Bag<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/foul-in-the-foot\/\">Foul-in-the-foot<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fungal-abortion\/\">Fungal Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-staggers\/\">Grass Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-tetany\/\">Grass Tetany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hock-damage\/\">Hock Damage<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/husk\/\">Husk<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hygroma\/\">Hygroma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocalcaemia\/\">Hypocalcaemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocupraemia\/\">Hypocupremia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypoglycaemia\/\">Hypoglycemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia\/\">Hypomagnesemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_I'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_I'>I<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ibr\/\">IBR<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/johnes-disease\/\">Johne's Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/joint-ill\/\">Joint Ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lactation-tetany\/\">Lactation Tetany<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/laminitis\/\">Laminitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lda\/\">LDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/leptospirosis\/\">Leptospirosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/listerial-encephalitis\/\">Listerial Encephalitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/liver-fluke\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lumpy-jaw\/\">Lumpy Jaw<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lungworm\/\">Lungworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mad-cow-disease\/\">Mad Cow Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency\/\">Magnesium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/malignant-oedema\/\">Malignant Edema<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mange\/\">Mange<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mastitis\/\">Mastitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/metritis\/\">Metritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-drop-syndrome\/\">Milk Drop Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-fever\/\">Milk Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mucosal-disease\/\">Mucosal Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/muscular-dystrophy\/\">Muscular Dystrophy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-johnei\/\">Mycobacterium johnei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-paratuberculosis\/\">Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycotic-abortion\/\">Mycotic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/myopathy\/\">Myopathy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/neospora-caninum\/\">Neospora caninum\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/new-forest-eye\/\">New Forest Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nutritional-myodegeneration\/\">Nutritional Myodegeneration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ostertagia\/\">Ostertagia ostertagi<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-bronchitis\/\">Parasitic Bronchitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/paratuberculosis\/\">Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pasteurellosis\/\">Pasteurellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/periparturient-paresis\/\">Periparturient Paresis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pink-eye\/\">Pink Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/post-partum-conditions\/\">Post-partum conditions<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rda\/\">RDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/retained-placenta\/\">Retained placenta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ringworm\/\">Ringworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rotavirus-and-coronavirus\/\">Rotavirus and Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/roundworms\/\">Roundworms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ruminal-tymphany\/\">Ruminal Tymphany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/salmonellosis\/\">Salmonellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sarcoptes-scabiei\/\">Sarcoptes scabiei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/scours\/\">Scours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/selenium-deficiency\/\">Selenium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septic-arthritis\/\">Septic Arthritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septicaemic-colibacillosis\/\">Septicemic Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/shipping-fever\/\">Shipping Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/slurry-heel\/\">Slurry Heel<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sole-ulcer\/\">Sole Ulcer<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/staggers\/\">Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/super-foul\/\">Super Foul<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tb\/\">TB<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tetanus\/\">Tetanus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/transit-fever\/\">Transit Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/trichomoniasis\/\">Trichomoniasis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tuberculosis\/\">Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_U'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_U'>U<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/udder-inflammation\/\">Udder Inflammation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_V'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_V'>V<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b12-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B12 Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-e-deficiency\/\">Vitamin E Deficiency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-line-abscess\/\">White Line Abscess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-muscle-disease\/\">White Muscle Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/wooden-tongue\/\">Wooden Tongue<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/worms\/\">Worms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<h4>Bovine Viral Diarrhea\u00a0in Cattle<\/h4>\n<p><strong><em>Also known as: BVD, Mucosal disease<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5116\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/avoid-contamination-of-milk-with-meds.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5116\" class=\"wp-image-5116 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/avoid-contamination-of-milk-with-meds-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"avoid contamination of milk with meds\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/avoid-contamination-of-milk-with-meds-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/avoid-contamination-of-milk-with-meds-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/04\/avoid-contamination-of-milk-with-meds.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5116\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">BVD causes lowered milk production, reproductive losses, an increase in general disease and reduced growth rates<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Bovine Viral\u00a0Diarrhea\u00a0(BVD) is a viral disease which infects mainly cattle, but can infect sheep,\u00a0goats, deer and pigs (<a href=\"#ref\">Hurtado <em>et al<\/em>., 2003<\/a>)\u00a0caused by a pestivirus (similar to the viruses that cause <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/border-disease\/\">Border Disease<\/a>\u00a0in sheep and swine fever in pigs). BVD can have an impact on the herd\u2019s immune and reproductive status (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie, 2005<\/a>). Due to its varied manifestations and <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Stage of disease before clinical symptoms are observed\">subclinical<\/a><\/span> nature in many herds, the significance of the disease has often been underestimated in terms of its effects on animal health and the economics of the farm.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Cost to a dairy farmer?<\/h3>\n<p>BVD causes significant financial losses to affected farms during an outbreak (<a href=\"#ref\">Pritchard <em>et al.<\/em>, 1989<\/a>). It is reported that 95% of dairy herds in England and Wales are positive for BVD virus antibodies in bulk milk, with 65% of the herds likely to have suffered an outbreak recently and having persistently infected animals in the herd (<a href=\"#ref\">Paton <em>et al<\/em>., 1998<\/a>). It has been estimated that approximately 1% of cattle are persistently infected with BVD (<a href=\"#ref\">Paton, 1999<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Dairy herds positive for BVD virus antibodies have an increased abortion rate (<a href=\"#ref\">R\u00fcfenacht <em>et al.<\/em>, 2001<\/a>) and have been found to have an increased duration to first calving in heifers (<a href=\"#ref\">Valle<em> et al<\/em>., 2001<\/a>). The reproductive effects of BVD are important economically (<a href=\"#ref\">Grooms, 2004<\/a>) with estimates of the cost of infection varying, depending on whether the herd is <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Usually present in a population all of the time\">endemically<\/a><\/span> infected or susceptible. Estimates of significant economic losses in naive herds are provided by <a href=\"#ref\">Gunn <em>et al<\/em><\/a>., (2004). In beef herds, it has been estimated that BVD infection in a naive herd would cost $53 U.S. dollars per cow per year (<a href=\"#ref\">Gunn <em>et al<\/em>, 2004<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>What is BVD?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"one_third\">\n<p>There are two <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Organisms or agents with identical genotypes\">biotypes<\/a><\/span> of BVD virus reported, Type 1 which is endemic in the UK and Type 2 which is rarely reported in the UK (<a href=\"#ref\">Cranwell <em>et al.<\/em>, 2005<\/a>), but is a problem in North America. Type 2 BVD infection is associated with more severe clinical signs of hemorrhagic enteritis. Type 1 infection sometimes causes an outbreak of <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"An acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and\/or a short course\">acute<\/a><\/span> diarrhea at the time of introduction into a herd, however the introduction can go totally unnoticed. Long-term effects are at a herd level (See table 1).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"two_third last\">\n<div class=\"custom-table-3\">\n<table class=\"alignright\" style=\"height: 238px;\" width=\"531\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Clinical signs<\/th>\n<th>Long term effects at the herd level<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Abortion<\/li>\n<li>Infertility<\/li>\n<li>Mixed respiratory infection<\/li>\n<li>Transient Diarrhea<\/li>\n<li>Mucosal disease<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li>Infertility<\/li>\n<li>Embryonic death<\/li>\n<li>Fetal mummification<\/li>\n<li>Abortion<\/li>\n<li>Congenitally damaged calves<\/li>\n<li>Weak or ill-thriven calves and<\/li>\n<li>Persistently infected (PI) calves<\/li>\n<li>Suppressed immunity in calves and adults<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<h3>How is BVD spread?<\/h3>\n<p><strong>BVD Persistently Infected Animals (PIs)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6099\" style=\"width: 437px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-months-of-gestation-diagram.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6099\" class=\" wp-image-6099\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-months-of-gestation-diagram-300x226.jpg\" alt=\"BVD months of gestation diagram\" width=\"427\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-months-of-gestation-diagram-300x226.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-months-of-gestation-diagram-293x220.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-months-of-gestation-diagram-1024x770.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-months-of-gestation-diagram.jpg 1420w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6099\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>BVD months of gestation diagram<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>BVD persistently infected animals (PIs) are fundamental\u00a0to maintaining\u00a0this disease. It is important that cows do not come into contact with BVD for the first time (na\u00efve cows) during the first 3-4 months of pregnancy. If they do they will give birth to a PI calf. When born these calves may show no sign of infection but they will excrete hundreds of millions of virus particles daily in their saliva, skin, urine and feces throughout the duration of their lives. Only 100 virus particles are needed to transmit infection (Reference: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rvc.ac.uk\/Review\/Podcasts\/RVC_Podcast_09.m4a\" target=\"_blank\">Brownlie 2014 RVC podcast<\/a>\u00a0accessed 02\/07\/2014@19m). The immune system of PI animals recognize the virus particles as self.<\/p>\n<p>Only a minority of PI animals reach adulthood, 50% die within 12 months of age. Many die of mucosal disease before two years of age which is characterized by oral ulceration, diarrhea, pneumonia and interdigital lesions in the feet. It is triggered by the virus mutating into a more virulent form and is rapidly fatal and untreatable. BVD virus has also been identified as an <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Suppressed activity of the immune system\">immunosuppressive<\/a><\/span> agent, increasing the risk of infections such as respiratory disease, <a title=\"Calf Diarrhoea\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/calf-diarrhoea\/\">diarrhea<\/a> and <a title=\"Calf Pneumonia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/calf-pneumonia\/\">pneumonia<\/a>\u00a0in calves, <a title=\"Salmonellosis\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/salmonellosis\/\">salmonellosis<\/a>, <a title=\"Digital Dermatitis\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/digital-dermatitis\/\">interdigital dermatitis <\/a>and <a title=\"Mastitis\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/mastitis\/\">mastitis<\/a> (<a href=\"#ref\">Penny <em>et al<\/em>., 1996<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Waage, 2000<\/a>). This immunosuppression is mainly caused by PI\u2019s in the group but affects in contact animals while transiently infected. Therefore a single PI in a calf pen can cause severe disease outbreaks in the rest of the group.<\/p>\n<p>In infected herds control and eradication of BVD focuses on the identification and elimination of PI animals as the main risk factor for BVD infection in a herd. In uninfected herds the focus should be on preventing the introduction of the disease, mainly by \u00a0restricting purchases of PI animals and controlling contact with neighboring cattle.\u00a0The PI animal then infects in-contact animals. Before the introduction of good vaccines, the PI animals were knowingly allowed contact with non-pregnant animals to allow them to be infected and develop natural resistance. However, this method was unreliable and is not recommended as it frequently resulted in disease outbreaks, reproductive loss and sub-optimal immunity in the herd.<\/p>\n<p>Bought-in animals are the greatest risk of disease introduction, either as PI animals or if cows are bought in in-calf, where they may be carrying a PI calf. Another major risk factor for BVD is the introduction of an acutely infected animal into the herd, such as a purchased breeding or fattening animal, a herd member returning from a show or a hired bull. Therefore, all new animals should be tested and\/or quarantined on arrival to the herd, especially breeding bulls if their health status is not BVD accredited-free.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Other significant risk factors can be:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct contact with cattle from a neighboring, infected herd (<a href=\"#ref\">Van Winden<em> et al<\/em>., 2005<\/a>).<\/li>\n<li>Contact with other cloven hooved animals (sheep, deer, pigs)<\/li>\n<li>Contact with infected materials, such as equipment, boots or clothing, other visitors<\/li>\n<li>PI bulls can excrete virus in their semen<\/li>\n<li>There is experimental evidence to suggest that biting flies may also be able to spread BVD (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie<em> et al.<\/em>, 2000<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Control and Prevention of Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/h4>\n<p>BVD is significant in terms of reproductive loss and immunosuppressive effect, and several control options have emerged depending on the cattle density and prevalence of disease.<\/p>\n<h3>Diagnosing Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/h3>\n<p>Control and monitoring of BVD infections should be an integral part of the farm\u2019s Herd Health Plan in association with the vet.<\/p>\n<p>Antibodies to BVD can be easily detected in both blood and milk samples. Antibody tests provide an indication of exposure to BVD virus and are useful when assessing the status of a group of animals at the herd level. Animals who have been exposed to BVD at some point in their life, and\/or vaccinated against BVD will have BVD antibodies circulating in their blood (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie <em>et al<\/em>., 2000<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Milk samples can also be examined for the presence of BVD antibodies, such tests on bulk milk only provide an average antibody load for the milking herd, however when monitored regularly (i.e., every 3 months) they are a simple method of obtaining an insight into the level of exposure to BVD. A rise in antibody levels are indicative that the virus is present within the herd more investigation will be needed (See flow diagram).<\/p>\n<p>It is important to remember that PI animals do not generate antibodies for BVD, they do however have viral <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A non-self particles or molecules\">antigen<\/a><\/span> circulating in their blood, and this can be detected in an antigen ELISA\u00a0blood test or using a PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Therefore in an actively infected herd, cattle which are antibody negative\u00a0may be\u00a0PI animals and need to be tested for viral antigen. If positive they are most likely PI animals, but there is a possibility that they are <strong>transiently infected <\/strong>(Also known as acutely infected). This means they were na\u00efve, and have been exposed to BVD virus in the past 2-3 weeks causing an <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"An acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and\/or a short course\">acute<\/a><\/span> infection lasting for about 14 days. In this time, the animal will be positive for virus <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A non-self particle or or molecule\">antigen<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>In order to prevent misdiagnosing these animals as PIs, they can be re-tested twice after three to four weeks with an antigen ELISA (the PCR stays positive for longer) and both samples positive for viral antigen confirm a PI.<\/p>\n<p>The main reservoir of infection is undoubtedly the persistently infected animal and, as such, the most critical part of the diagnosis and control program (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie, 2005<\/a>). Persistently infected animals must be removed from the herd immediately (<a href=\"#ref\">Graham <em>et al<\/em>. 2015<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1\"> Remember: Colostrum intake can mask the detection of PI as maternal antibodies will be in the blood for 3 \u2013 4 months and these can hinder the normal diagnostic assays.<\/div>\n<p><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3>Ear Tags<\/h3>\n<p>For some time now special ear tags have been developed which take a small section of ear tissue into a small labeled container when applying the tags. These tissue samples can then be tested for BVD antigen. The ear tissue test is not affected by colostrol antibodies and therefore can be done from birth. Main advantages are<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cheap (cheap lab fees, no vet time, no extra handling)<\/li>\n<li>Early detection of PI\u2019s<\/li>\n<li>Helps to establish the status of the dam. If the calf is not a PI, the dam is not a PI.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Vaccinating against Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/h3>\n<p>Eradication alone leaves a herd vulnerable to BVD, and therefore vaccination should be considered to maintain the herd BVD-free if biosecurity failures are a possibility (mainly due to neighboring cattle contact or buying in stock). Vaccination does not modify the status of or eradicate PI animals. For optimal results, breeding animals should be vaccinated before the breeding season to ensure maximum protection is conferred for the first few months of gestation to prevent the creation of a PI (<a href=\"#ref\">Sexton, 2008<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Vaccination to control and prevent BVD is now both possible and cost effective (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie <em>et al<\/em>., 2000<\/a>), and may be the preferred option if high levels of <a title=\"Biosecurity\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/veterinary-questions\/biosecurity\/\">biosecurity<\/a>\u00a0are not possible to maintain and disease prevalence is high. However, vaccination can still mask underlying infection (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie, 2005<\/a>). Traditionally vaccines available in the UK contain the Type 1 strain of BVD, although this has been shown to be effective in minimizing the effects of Type 2 BVD infection (<a href=\"#ref\">Makoschey <em>et al.<\/em>, 2001<\/a>). A new live vaccine contains type 1 and type 2 BVD antigen.<\/p>\n<p>Several European countries or regions have established BVD control or eradication programs including the Shetland Islands in the UK. BVD eradication leads to improved herd health and the ability to sell disease free stock, which may be important to some pedigree herds. Establishment and maintenance of a disease-free herd is dependent on a high standard of <a title=\"Biosecurity\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/veterinary-questions\/biosecurity\/\">biosecurity<\/a>, which must be assessed in each herd\u2019s circumstances.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Treating Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/h4>\n<p>There is no treatment for <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Stage of disease before clinical symptoms are observed\">subclinical<\/a><\/span> BVD or acute mucosal disease. Support therapy in the form of fluids and anti-inflammatory agents can be used for acutely infected animals. PI\u2019s whether diseased or apparently healthy should be removed from the herd as soon as possible.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Bovine Viral Diarrhea\u00a0and Welfare<\/h4>\n<p>There are no specific welfare considerations with regard to BVD, although control of disease should be considered as it impacts significantly on the health of the herd. Animals suffering from acute mucosal disease should be humanely destroyed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge<\/h4>\n<p>There is considerable debate as to whether the UK should attempt to eradicate BVD on a nationwide basis (<a href=\"#ref\">Brownlie, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>BVD eradication and accreditation<\/h3>\n<p>To eradicate BVD the following summarizes the steps necessary:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Establish a genuine closed herd policy (no animals should enter the herd without being tested for BVD, unless they come from a BVD-free accredited herd).<\/li>\n<li>Carry out an initial assessment of the herd status (this is done by blood sampling a number of youngstock while\u00a0bulk tank milk samples can be used in dairy herds to gain initial information)<\/li>\n<li>The exact eradication program varies according to the farm situation, but an example is given below.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"one_half\">\n<p>Decision tree for detecting BVD in a milking herd<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BV-Milk.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6107\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BV-Milk-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Detecting BVD in a milking herd\" width=\"450\" height=\"337\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BV-Milk-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BV-Milk-293x220.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BV-Milk-1024x766.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BV-Milk.jpg 1295w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_half last\">\n<p>Decision tree for detecting BVD in a\u00a0non-milking herd<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-non-milk.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-6106\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-non-milk-300x223.jpg\" alt=\"Detecting BVD in a non-milking herd\" width=\"450\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-non-milk-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-non-milk-1024x763.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/BVD-non-milk.jpg 1320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p><strong>To remain free of BVD, it is important to consider the following:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An unexposed herd is extremely susceptible to introduction of infection. Therefore, herd health security needs to be totally reliable:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Closed herd policy<\/li>\n<li>Double fencing<\/li>\n<li>Screening of bought-in animals <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">including<\/span> show animals and common grazing<\/li>\n<li>Where breaches of biosecurity cannot be ruled out, the herd should be vaccinated as an &#8216;insurance policy&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Control of endemic BVD<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>If accreditation is not\u00a0the aim,\u00a0the herd\u2019s disease status should be monitored regularly as part of the Herd Health Plan. This is easily undertaken by quarterly bulk tank milk sampling in dairy herds and an annual youngstock screen in beef suckler herds and dairy youngstock. The same controls on bought-in animals should also apply (i.e. test and quarantine)<\/li>\n<li>If a herd is suffering from increased levels of calf disease or other infectious diseases, this may be due to the immunosuppressive effect of BVD infection and the status should be established<\/li>\n<li>Vaccination should be considered. The long-term success of BVD control depends on identification and removal of PI animals, which should be considered in parallel with vaccination<\/li>\n<li>Vaccination should ideally include all breeding animals including heifers and bulls prior to breeding. Annual vaccination is necessary to maintain immunity<\/li>\n<li>Cull PI animals (these animals spread the infection in the herd and are at risk of suffering a major disease crisis at some point of their life). The culling should be carried out as soon as the results are known. After this, vaccinate the breeding animals, with annual revaccination<\/li>\n<li>It is now possible to vaccinate young calves against BVD infection as part of a combined vaccine against respiratory pathogens (including IBR, RSV and PI3). This vaccine is not suitable to provide long term immunity and fetal protection in breeding animals and must therefore be followed up with later vaccinations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\">Bovine Viral Diarrhea References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-80e745b175c994726de87a784bb82c92\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">RGTCWCP3<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEM_TYPE\" style=\"display: none;\">items<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE\" style=\"display: none;\">apa<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT\" style=\"display: none;\">0<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY\" style=\"display: none;\">author<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER\" style=\"display: none;\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID\" style=\"display: none;\">2987<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL\" style=\"display:none;\">https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4370,"parent":724,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2987"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2987"}],"version-history":[{"count":55,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2987\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11487,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2987\/revisions\/11487"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4370"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2987"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}