{"id":3526,"date":"2014-06-30T13:59:01","date_gmt":"2014-06-30T12:59:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=3526"},"modified":"2016-04-18T11:19:48","modified_gmt":"2016-04-18T10:19:48","slug":"clostridial-diseases","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/clostridial-diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"Clostridial Diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/clostridial-diseases\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Clostridial Diseases&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Cattle Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_D\" href=\"#\">D<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_I\" href=\"#\">I<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_U\" href=\"#\">U<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_V\" href=\"#\">V<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abomasal-displacement\/\">Abomasal Displacement<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abortion\/\">Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/acetonaemia\/\">Acetonemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinobacillosis\/\">Actinobacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinomycosis\/\">Actinomycosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/allergic-dermatitis\/\">Allergic Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/blackleg\/\">Blackleg<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bloat\/\">Bloat<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/botulism\/\">Botulism<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-fasciolosis\/\">Bovine Fasciolosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-herpes-1\/\">Bovine Herpes-1<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/\">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-tuberculosis\/\">Bovine Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/\">Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/brucellosis\/\">Brucellosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bse\/\">BSE<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bvd\/\">BVD<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calcium-deficiency\/\">Calcium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-diarrhoea\/\">Calf Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-pneumonia\/\">Calf Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis\/\">Campylobacteriosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical Necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/clostridial-disease\/\">Clostridial Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/colibacillosis\/\">Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/conjunctivitis\/\">Conjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/copper-deficiency\/\">Copper Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coronavirus\/\">Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_D'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_D'>D<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatitis\/\">Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatophytosis\/\">Dermatophytosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dictyocaulus-viviparus\/\">Dictyocaulus viviparus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/digital-dermatitis\/\">Digital Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection\/\">E. coli infection<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/eimeria\/\">Eimeria<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/endoparasites\/\">Endoparasites<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/enzootic-pneumonia\/\">Enzootic Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/epizootic-abortion\/\">Epizootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/etec\/\">ETEC<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica\/\">Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fat-cow-syndrome\/\">Fat Cow Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/flabby-bag\/\">Flabby Bag<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/foul-in-the-foot\/\">Foul-in-the-foot<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fungal-abortion\/\">Fungal Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-staggers\/\">Grass Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-tetany\/\">Grass Tetany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hock-damage\/\">Hock Damage<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/husk\/\">Husk<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hygroma\/\">Hygroma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocalcaemia\/\">Hypocalcaemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocupraemia\/\">Hypocupremia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypoglycaemia\/\">Hypoglycemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia\/\">Hypomagnesemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_I'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_I'>I<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ibr\/\">IBR<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/johnes-disease\/\">Johne's Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/joint-ill\/\">Joint Ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lactation-tetany\/\">Lactation Tetany<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/laminitis\/\">Laminitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lda\/\">LDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/leptospirosis\/\">Leptospirosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/listerial-encephalitis\/\">Listerial Encephalitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/liver-fluke\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lumpy-jaw\/\">Lumpy Jaw<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lungworm\/\">Lungworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mad-cow-disease\/\">Mad Cow Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency\/\">Magnesium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/malignant-oedema\/\">Malignant Edema<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mange\/\">Mange<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mastitis\/\">Mastitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/metritis\/\">Metritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-drop-syndrome\/\">Milk Drop Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-fever\/\">Milk Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mucosal-disease\/\">Mucosal Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/muscular-dystrophy\/\">Muscular Dystrophy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-johnei\/\">Mycobacterium johnei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-paratuberculosis\/\">Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycotic-abortion\/\">Mycotic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/myopathy\/\">Myopathy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/neospora-caninum\/\">Neospora caninum\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/new-forest-eye\/\">New Forest Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nutritional-myodegeneration\/\">Nutritional Myodegeneration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ostertagia\/\">Ostertagia ostertagi<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-bronchitis\/\">Parasitic Bronchitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/paratuberculosis\/\">Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pasteurellosis\/\">Pasteurellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/periparturient-paresis\/\">Periparturient Paresis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pink-eye\/\">Pink Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/post-partum-conditions\/\">Post-partum conditions<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rda\/\">RDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/retained-placenta\/\">Retained placenta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ringworm\/\">Ringworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rotavirus-and-coronavirus\/\">Rotavirus and Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/roundworms\/\">Roundworms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ruminal-tymphany\/\">Ruminal Tymphany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/salmonellosis\/\">Salmonellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sarcoptes-scabiei\/\">Sarcoptes scabiei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/scours\/\">Scours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/selenium-deficiency\/\">Selenium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septic-arthritis\/\">Septic Arthritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septicaemic-colibacillosis\/\">Septicemic Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/shipping-fever\/\">Shipping Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/slurry-heel\/\">Slurry Heel<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sole-ulcer\/\">Sole Ulcer<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/staggers\/\">Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/super-foul\/\">Super Foul<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tb\/\">TB<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tetanus\/\">Tetanus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/transit-fever\/\">Transit Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/trichomoniasis\/\">Trichomoniasis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tuberculosis\/\">Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_U'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_U'>U<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/udder-inflammation\/\">Udder Inflammation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_V'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_V'>V<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b12-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B12 Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-e-deficiency\/\">Vitamin E Deficiency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-line-abscess\/\">White Line Abscess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-muscle-disease\/\">White Muscle Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/wooden-tongue\/\">Wooden Tongue<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/worms\/\">Worms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<h4>Clostridial Disease in Cattle<\/h4>\n<p><em><strong>Includes the following conditions: Blackleg, Botulism,\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><em><strong>Bacillary Hemoglobinuria,\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><em><strong>Malignant Edema, Tetanus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span class=\"responsive\"><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3541\" style=\"width: 345px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Cultivated-soil.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3541\" class=\" wp-image-3541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/07\/Cultivated-soil-300x263.jpg\" alt=\"Cultivated soil\" width=\"335\" height=\"286\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Clostridia are anaerobic\u00a0bacteria that\u00a0live in the soil<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong><\/span>Clostridia are a family of <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Organism that lives in the absence of oxygen\">anaerobic<\/a><\/span> bacteria found in the soil and external environment, which produce rapidly fatal disease by secretion of potent toxins \u00a0<a id=\"botulism\"><\/a>from their <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>small, resistant reproductive unit&#8221;>spores<\/a><\/span>. Diseases caused by clostridial spores\u00a0discussed on this page are:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Botulism\" href=\"#botulism\"><strong>Botulism<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Blackleg\" href=\"#blackleg\"><strong>Blackleg<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Tetanus\" href=\"#tetanus\"><strong>Tetanus<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bacillary_haem\"><strong>Bacillary Hemoglobinuria<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><a title=\"Malignant Odema\" href=\"#malignant_odema\">Malignant\u00a0<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"color: #0000ee;\"><b><u>Edema<\/u><\/b><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Botulism<\/h2>\n<p>Botulism is a lethal food poisoning in cattle caused by eating material that contains <em>Clostridium botulinum <\/em>toxins. Clinical disease may be seen in individual animals or as groups during outbreaks of disease (<a href=\"#ref\">Kelch et al., 2000<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Yeruham et al., 2003<\/a>). The <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The time between infection and the first clinical signs\">incubation period<\/a><\/span> varies from a few hours to two weeks, making it difficult to identify the source of poisoned material eaten by affected animals. The most common manifestation of the disease in cattle is a subacute disease with restlessness, incoordination and difficulty swallowing which develops into <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"State of lying down or reclining\">recumbency<\/a><\/span>, paralysis and death within 1-7 days.<\/p>\n<p>The bacteria occur world-wide. In the UK, cases are likely to arise either due to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ingestion of poorly fermented silage (allowing persistence of clostridia spores)<\/li>\n<li>Silage contaminated with soil<\/li>\n<li>Contact with animal carcasses or skeletons of dead animals containing the toxin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"blackleg\"><\/a>The use of poultry litter as a fertilizer on grazing pastures or broiler litter as bedding material for livestock has been implicated as a risk factor, though the reasons are not fully understood (<a href=\"#ref\">Hogg et al., 2011<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Otter et al., 2006<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Payne et al., 2011<\/a>). Outbreaks of disease on a farm may have implications to human health as the fate of botulinum toxins in the food chain is not clear, therefore, restrictions on sale of livestock and milk from affected farms\u00a0will be enforced\u00a0(<a href=\"#ref\">Cobb et al., 2002<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h2>Blackleg<\/h2>\n<p>Blackleg infection is caused by <em>Clostridium chauvoei<\/em> and is almost always associated with infected wounds in cattle. Most cases occur in young stock between 10 months and two years <a id=\"tetanus\"><\/a>of age. Feet or legs and the tongue are often the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Most likely site of occurrence\">predilection site<\/a><\/span>. Within 48 hours there is a high fever and if limb muscles are involved the animal becomes stiff and unwilling to move. Skin discoloration, subcutaneous edema and gas production may be present and perineal edema is sometimes seen. Infections of the head may produce marked edema and even bleeding from the nose. Death usually follows a period of anorexia, profound depression and <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Extreme exhaustion\">prostration<\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>The spores of <em>C. chauvoei<\/em> survive well in the soil.<\/p>\n<h2>Tetanus<\/h2>\n<p>Tetanus is caused by the toxin tetanospasmin released from the spore-forming bacillus <em>Clostridium tetani<\/em>. The disease in cattle occurs most often after surgery or difficult calving after spores gain entry to a wound. Germination of spores occurs only if the microenvironment is anaerobic. After germination of the spores within the wound the<em> C. tetani<\/em> bacilli proliferate and produce toxins.<\/p>\n<p>The incubation period can \u00a0vary from 3 days to several months but most cases occur usually after about 10 days. At first the animal appears slightly stiff, becomes unwilling to move and develops a fine muscle tremor. The temperature rise is variable (39 &#8211; 42\u00b0 C). The general stiffness of the limbs, head, neck and tail (raised tailhead) increases after 12 &#8211; 24 hours. <a id=\"bacillary_haem\"><\/a>The animal shows hyperaesthesia and repeated spasms. Mastication becomes difficult due to tetany of the masseter muscle (lockjaw), food is chewed with difficulty, the animal drools saliva and bloat often occurs. There is retention of the urine and constipation. The animal becomes <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"State of lying down or reclining\">recumbent<\/a><\/span>, with the legs rigidly extended, opistotonos and the jaws become rigid. The animal usually dies due to respiratory failure 3 &#8211; 4 days after the onset of clinical signs. Milder cases, which develop more slowly, can recover over a period of weeks or even months.<\/p>\n<h2>Bacillary Hemoglobinuria<\/h2>\n<p>Bacillary hemoglobinuria is a rapidly fatal disease caused by <em>Clostridium novyi<\/em> type D (also called <em>Clostridium hemolyticum<\/em> or <em>Clostridium edematiens<\/em>). The disease is associated with liver damage such as that caused by liver fluke. The condition is fairly rare in the UK. Cows that are inspected less regularly such as young stock or dry cows can be <a id=\"malignant_odema\"><\/a>found dead. In lactating cows, a sudden drop in milk yield associated with high fever is seen. Other clinical signs include <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Absence of ruminal movement\">ruminal stasis<\/a><\/span> with or without apparent abdominal pain, rapid breathing, dark red urine, jaundice and death within a short time of the onset of clinical signs.<\/p>\n<p>Spores of <em>C. novyi<\/em> type D can be found both in the soil and in the livers of normal cattle on farms where the disease occurs.<\/p>\n<h2>Malignant Edema<\/h2>\n<p>Malignant edema is caused by the infection of wounds with any of several bacilli of the genus Clostridium (<em>C. oedematiens type A; C. chauvoei; C. perfringens; C. sordellii; C. septicum<\/em>). The condition is sporadic and fairly rare , but outbreaks involving several animals may occur after an event that has caused bruising or wounds (e.g. penning for a short period). Clinical signs appear rapidly and at the site of infection a swelling will develop which will &#8216;pit&#8217; on pressure. Gas may be detected, as the skin becomes darkened and tenser. A high fever is present and <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Presence of bacterial toxins in the blood\">toxemia<\/a><\/span> develops. The animal can die within 1 &#8211; 2 days.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Control and Prevention of Clostridial Diseases<\/h4>\n<h3>Vaccination<\/h3>\n<p>Since Clostridia are common in the environment, the most effective way of controlling clostridial diseases is by vaccination. Consult your vet to determine which vaccine is most suited to your farm to ensure best disease protection. Only healthy animals should be vaccinated.<\/p>\n<p>If clostridial disease has been a problem on the farm, prevention should be included as part of the Herd Health Plan. Use of vaccine can also help prevent disease in young stock by passive transfer of immunity via antibodies in colostrum from vaccinated dams.<\/p>\n<h3>Additional Preventive Advice for Clostridial Disease<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Control of liver-fluke infection is an important step in the prevention of bacillary hemoglobinuria. Wounds may be treated with herbal or homeopathic remedies (Elliott and Pinkus, 1993) but it is important that wounds are exposed to air, as the organisms are anaerobes<\/li>\n<li>Attempts should be made to minimize all wounds and treat (with antimicrobials if severe) all those that do occur<\/li>\n<li>Good hygiene is essential at castration and assisted calving docking<\/li>\n<li>Careful handling is important as bruising may cause blackleg<\/li>\n<li>Clean needles and a clean, dry injection site are important if the animals are to be injected as penetrating wounds may cause tetanus<\/li>\n<li>Try to avoid soil contamination of silage and ensure good fermentation to pH 4, to kill clostridia<\/li>\n<li>Avoid late surface spreading of slurry as this predisposes to poor silage fermentation (<a href=\"#ref\">Laws et al., 2002<\/a>)<\/li>\n<li>Ensure cattle feed and water are not contaminated by carcasses (such as small rodents) or feces<\/li>\n<li>Don\u2019t use poultry litter as a surface soil conditioner on land that will be used for grazing or conservation of forage. Instead, it should be ploughed into arable land.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Treating Clostridial Diseases<\/h4>\n<p>Professional advice should be sought regarding whether or not clinical cases infected with clostridia species should be treated or humanely euthanized.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of bacillary haemoglobinuria with penicillin can be attempted. Treatment of clinical blackleg has met with little success. Treatment of malignant edema can also be attempted with antibiotics and local treatment of the wound with hydrogen peroxide or other oxidizing disinfectants.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of botulism carries a poor prognosis and attempts at treatment depend of the severity of clinical signs at presentation. The use of intra-venous glucose saline and administration of ruminal fluid was reported as successful in treatment of less severe cases (<a href=\"#ref\">Braun et al., 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Treatment of tetanus cases is difficult and the response is usually poor. Full doses of antibiotics such as products containing penicillin can be administered to eliminate the bacilli, but further toxin prevention can only be achieved by surgically removing the port of entry, usually a wound. . Tetanus antitoxin should also be given. Success often depends on good nursing with forced feeding (via stomach tube) if necessary. If the infected wound can be found it should <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Surgical removal of dead or infected tissue\">debrided<\/a><\/span> and treated with hydrogen peroxide. Sedation and reduction of muscle tetani, to avoid asphyxia, can also be attempted.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Clostridial Disease and Welfare<\/h4>\n<p>If there is a known problem with clostridial disease on the farm, the animals must be vaccinated so as not to compromise the health and welfare of the animals. In suspected cases of affected animals, veterinary advice must be immediately sought. Your vet has to decide whether or not clinical cases infected with clostridia species should be treated or humanely destroyed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>If there is a known problem with clostridial disease on the farm, the animals must be vaccinated<\/li>\n<li>The veterinary surgeon must decide whether a case is worth treating or must be humanely destroyed to prevent further suffering<\/li>\n<li>Liver fluke must be kept under control to prevent bacillary hemoglobinuria.<\/li>\n<li>Good hygiene should be maintained during calving and castration. Any wounds should be treated with conventional and\/or alternative methods<\/li>\n<li>Careful handling of the animals is important to prevent bruising.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\">Clostridial Disease References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-4ece43df6baf1e783230e914c28a2588\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">MAR5WSEF<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEM_TYPE\" style=\"display: none;\">items<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE\" style=\"display: none;\">apa<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT\" style=\"display: none;\">0<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY\" style=\"display: none;\">author<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER\" style=\"display: none;\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID\" style=\"display: none;\">3526<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL\" style=\"display:none;\">https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":1881,"parent":724,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3526"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3526"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3526\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11509,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3526\/revisions\/11509"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1881"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3526"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}