{"id":4673,"date":"2015-01-27T14:12:14","date_gmt":"2015-01-27T14:12:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=4673"},"modified":"2016-06-13T14:43:07","modified_gmt":"2016-06-13T13:43:07","slug":"neospora-caninum","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/neospora-caninum\/","title":{"rendered":"<i>Neospora caninum<\/i>"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/neospora-caninum\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;&lt;i&gt;Neospora caninum&lt;\/i&gt;&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Cattle Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_D\" href=\"#\">D<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_I\" href=\"#\">I<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_U\" href=\"#\">U<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_V\" href=\"#\">V<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abomasal-displacement\/\">Abomasal Displacement<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abortion\/\">Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/acetonaemia\/\">Acetonemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinobacillosis\/\">Actinobacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinomycosis\/\">Actinomycosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/allergic-dermatitis\/\">Allergic Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/blackleg\/\">Blackleg<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bloat\/\">Bloat<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/botulism\/\">Botulism<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-fasciolosis\/\">Bovine Fasciolosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-herpes-1\/\">Bovine Herpes-1<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/\">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-tuberculosis\/\">Bovine Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/\">Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/brucellosis\/\">Brucellosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bse\/\">BSE<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bvd\/\">BVD<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calcium-deficiency\/\">Calcium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-diarrhoea\/\">Calf Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-pneumonia\/\">Calf Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis\/\">Campylobacteriosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical Necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/clostridial-disease\/\">Clostridial Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/colibacillosis\/\">Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/conjunctivitis\/\">Conjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/copper-deficiency\/\">Copper Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coronavirus\/\">Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_D'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_D'>D<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatitis\/\">Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatophytosis\/\">Dermatophytosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dictyocaulus-viviparus\/\">Dictyocaulus viviparus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/digital-dermatitis\/\">Digital Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection\/\">E. coli infection<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/eimeria\/\">Eimeria<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/endoparasites\/\">Endoparasites<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/enzootic-pneumonia\/\">Enzootic Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/epizootic-abortion\/\">Epizootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/etec\/\">ETEC<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica\/\">Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fat-cow-syndrome\/\">Fat Cow Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/flabby-bag\/\">Flabby Bag<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/foul-in-the-foot\/\">Foul-in-the-foot<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fungal-abortion\/\">Fungal Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-staggers\/\">Grass Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-tetany\/\">Grass Tetany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hock-damage\/\">Hock Damage<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/husk\/\">Husk<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hygroma\/\">Hygroma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocalcaemia\/\">Hypocalcaemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocupraemia\/\">Hypocupremia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypoglycaemia\/\">Hypoglycemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia\/\">Hypomagnesemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_I'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_I'>I<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ibr\/\">IBR<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/johnes-disease\/\">Johne's Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/joint-ill\/\">Joint Ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lactation-tetany\/\">Lactation Tetany<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/laminitis\/\">Laminitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lda\/\">LDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/leptospirosis\/\">Leptospirosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/listerial-encephalitis\/\">Listerial Encephalitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/liver-fluke\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lumpy-jaw\/\">Lumpy Jaw<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lungworm\/\">Lungworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mad-cow-disease\/\">Mad Cow Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency\/\">Magnesium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/malignant-oedema\/\">Malignant Edema<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mange\/\">Mange<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mastitis\/\">Mastitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/metritis\/\">Metritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-drop-syndrome\/\">Milk Drop Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-fever\/\">Milk Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mucosal-disease\/\">Mucosal Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/muscular-dystrophy\/\">Muscular Dystrophy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-johnei\/\">Mycobacterium johnei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-paratuberculosis\/\">Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycotic-abortion\/\">Mycotic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/myopathy\/\">Myopathy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/neospora-caninum\/\">Neospora caninum\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/new-forest-eye\/\">New Forest Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nutritional-myodegeneration\/\">Nutritional Myodegeneration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ostertagia\/\">Ostertagia ostertagi<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-bronchitis\/\">Parasitic Bronchitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/paratuberculosis\/\">Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pasteurellosis\/\">Pasteurellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/periparturient-paresis\/\">Periparturient Paresis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pink-eye\/\">Pink Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/post-partum-conditions\/\">Post-partum conditions<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rda\/\">RDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/retained-placenta\/\">Retained placenta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ringworm\/\">Ringworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rotavirus-and-coronavirus\/\">Rotavirus and Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/roundworms\/\">Roundworms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ruminal-tymphany\/\">Ruminal Tymphany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/salmonellosis\/\">Salmonellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sarcoptes-scabiei\/\">Sarcoptes scabiei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/scours\/\">Scours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/selenium-deficiency\/\">Selenium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septic-arthritis\/\">Septic Arthritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septicaemic-colibacillosis\/\">Septicemic Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/shipping-fever\/\">Shipping Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/slurry-heel\/\">Slurry Heel<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sole-ulcer\/\">Sole Ulcer<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/staggers\/\">Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/super-foul\/\">Super Foul<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tb\/\">TB<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tetanus\/\">Tetanus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/transit-fever\/\">Transit Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/trichomoniasis\/\">Trichomoniasis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tuberculosis\/\">Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_U'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_U'>U<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/udder-inflammation\/\">Udder Inflammation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_V'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_V'>V<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b12-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B12 Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-e-deficiency\/\">Vitamin E Deficiency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-line-abscess\/\">White Line Abscess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-muscle-disease\/\">White Muscle Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/wooden-tongue\/\">Wooden Tongue<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/worms\/\">Worms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"two_third\">\n<h4><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> in Cattle<\/h4>\n<p><strong><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> is a protozoan parasite primarily causing abortions and reproductive problems in cattle and disease in canids (mainly dogs, but also foxes, coyotes, dingoes and grey wolves). Calves that are infected <em>in utero<\/em> that do not abort may be born weak, underweight and with neurological symptoms such as ataxia, decreased reflexes and exophthalmia (<a href=\"#ref\">Reichel et al., 2014<\/a>). However, they can appear normal but are more likely to abort later in life. Transmission of <em>N.<\/em> <em>caninum<\/em> is regarded as either vertical or horizontal. Horizontal transmission is from animal or group to another i.e., dog to dog, or dog to cow, or cow to dog (dog eating meat or placenta) and vertical transmission is from one generation to another i.e., dam to calf transplacentally (See disease transmission diagram below).<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:10px 0px 10px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Diagnosis of Neospora caninum\" href=\"#diagnosis\">Diagnosis of <em>Neospora caninum<\/em><\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Impact on production\" href=\"#impact\">Impact on Production<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Control and Prevention\" href=\"#control_prevention\">Control and Prevention<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Treatment options\" href=\"#treatment\">Treatment Options<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge\" href=\"#good_practice\">Good Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4678\" style=\"width: 348px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Disease-transmission.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4678\" class=\" wp-image-4678\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Disease-transmission-300x227.jpg\" alt=\"Disease transmission\" width=\"338\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Disease-transmission-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Disease-transmission-1024x777.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Disease-transmission.jpg 1064w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4678\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> is spread either vertically from one host to another (i.e., dog to dog, or dog to cattle), or horizontally from one generation to another (i.e., dam to calf). Vertical transmision of <em>N. caninum<\/em> is considered to be the principle route of infection in cattle.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>Dogs (canids)\u00a0are <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The host in which a parasite reaches maturity\">definitive hosts<\/a><\/span> to <em>N. caninum<\/em>, this means they are required in order for the parasite to complete its whole lifecycle. <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"An egg-like structure that contains the zygote of a protozoan parasite\">Oocysts<\/a><\/span> are shed in the feces of an infected dog, and after as little as one week under the correct climate conditions they develop (sporulate) and become infective. Dogs can shed infectious oocysts for a variable period of time after infection and it is unclear how long these survive in the environment. These sporulated oocysts are thought to contaminate feed and water supplies of cattle. Infection from dog to dog via oocysts in feces, or from dog to cattle via the same method is horizontal transmission.<\/p>\n<p>When a cow becomes infected from dog feces, the infection spreads (as <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Motile intracellular stage of protozoan development\">tachyzoite<\/a><\/span>) to other tissues in the cow, and if pregnant to the placenta, where damage to the placenta or vertical transmission through the placenta to the fetus can occur. Vertical transmission of <em>N caninum<\/em> is considered the principle route of infection in cattle, with the same cow able to pass infection to multiple offspring. Abortion may be a result of both the primary damage and the immune mediated inflammatory response of the cow (<a href=\"#ref\">Maley et al., 2003<\/a>). As a result of the immune response generated, the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Motile intracellular stage of protozoan development\">tachyzoite<\/a><\/span> can transform into bradyzoites (a slowly dividing \u2018dormant\u2019 stage). They remain latent until the immune system of the cow is suppressed, when infection then can recrudesce (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>). Bradyzoites in tissue cysts can be consumed by dogs and then complete the life cycle of the parasite.<\/p>\n<p>Additional hosts of <em>N. caninum<\/em> also include other wild canids such as foxes, with evidence of infection in goats, sheep, horses, deer, badgers, black-footed ferrets, ferrets, and mink implying that wildlife may be a potential reservoir of infection (<a href=\"#ref\">Bartley et al., 2013<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Gondim et al., 2004<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4677\" style=\"width: 399px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Neospora-infection-and-trimester.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4677\" class=\" wp-image-4677\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Neospora-infection-and-trimester-300x227.jpg\" alt=\"Neospora infection and trimester\" width=\"389\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Neospora-infection-and-trimester-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Neospora-infection-and-trimester-1024x775.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/Neospora-infection-and-trimester.jpg 1137w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 389px) 100vw, 389px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4677\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The stage in a dams pregnancy that she is first infected with <em>Neospora caninum<\/em> is crucial in defining the calf&#8217;s outcome. The calf will always be born seropositive but often with\u00a0congenital\u00a0defects.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>The outcome of new infection or <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Previously infected but recurs\">recrudesce<\/a><\/span> of infection in a cow depends on the stage of pregnancy. In a non-pregnant animal, infection results in <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The development of antibodies in response to an infection which circulate in the blood serum\">seroconversion<\/a><\/span> and persistent infection. Although <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> animals may conceive at the same rate as <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera does not contain specific antibodies\">seronegative<\/a><\/span> animals (<a href=\"#ref\">L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al., 2005<\/a>), infection\/<span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Previously infected but recurs\">recrudesce<\/a><\/span> in the first trimester of gestation may result in early embryonic death. Infection\/<span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Previously infected but recurs\">recrudesce<\/a><\/span> in the middle trimester can result in abortion or the birth of a weak or brain damaged live calf (characterized by uncoordination), whereas infection in the last trimester will result in a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> weak or brain damaged calf or a normal calf. It is an important feature of the epidemiology of this condition that, apparently healthy calves can be born to infected dams. These calves are however, congenitally (vertically) infected and are seropositive to <em>N. caninum<\/em> antibodies. Due to the greatest risk of abortion occurring in mid to late gestation, pregnancy diagnosis only undertaken before 5 months in endemically infected herds may lead to an overestimate of the number of animals that are due to calve (<a href=\"#ref\">Weston et al., 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>There is some suggestion that probability of vertical transmission may decrease with age of dam (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>). The incidence of horizontal transmission is generally low. However, specific farms may undergo abortion storms attributed to <em>N. caninum<\/em>, which may be through the sudden increase in the incidence of horizontal transmission (infection from contaminated feed and water with canine feces containing oocysts), although in many cases, the point source in unknown (<a href=\"#ref\">Crawshaw and Brocklehurst, 2003<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Dijkstra et al., 2001<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Sager et al., 2005<\/a>). The presence of canines on a farm are a risk factor for infection in cattle. Recently, <em>N. caninum<\/em> DNA has been reported in bovine semen, which may act as another route of infection into herds (<a href=\"#ref\">Ferre et al., 2005<\/a>), although there is no evidence of horizontal transmission yet from infected rams to ewes (<a href=\"#ref\">Syed-Hussain 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The prevalence of infection in the UK was estimated at 18% of aborting dairy cattle and 6% of normally calving cattle in 1997 (<a href=\"#ref\">Davison et al., 1999<\/a>), but is unknown in beef herds. Reports from Canada estimate herd level <em>N. caninum<\/em> <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The proportion of a population to have a specific antibody in their blood sera\">seroprevalences<\/a><\/span> of 5-25% in dairy herds and 6-9% in beef herds (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>) and in Sweden of 6-65% in dairy herds (<a href=\"#ref\">Fr\u00f6ssling et al., 2005<\/a>). The prevalence of <em>N. caninum<\/em> infection of UK dogs in unknown.A bulk milk antibody survey in UK dairy herds carried out in 2012 found evidence of neospora in 51 % of herds (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.checs.co.uk\/diseases\/neospora\/\">www.checs.co.uk<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>The risk factors for infection are largely unknown, although evidence suggests that close contact of cattle with dogs and high stocking densities may be a risk factor (<a href=\"#ref\">Dijkstra et al., 2002a, 2002b<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Otranto et al., 2003<\/a>). While transmission by dogs has been considered of relatively minor importance, a Dutch study showed that seropositivity to <em>N. caninum<\/em> in farm dogs was strongly correlated with a high prevalence of <em>N. caninum<\/em> antibodies in the cattle (<a href=\"#ref\">Wouda et al., 1999<\/a>). Dogs that have close contact with cattle and that are fed raw bovine meat are at greater risk of being <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> (<a href=\"#ref\">Kramer et al., 2004<\/a>) with dairy or beef farm dogs <a id=\"diagnosis\"><\/a>having a much higher <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The proportion of a population to have a specific antibody in their blood sera\">seroprevalence<\/a><\/span> of <em>N. caninum<\/em> infection compared to urban dogs (<a href=\"#ref\">Antony and Williamson, 2003<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Basso et al., 2001<\/a>). Management factors or concurrent diseases that lead to immunosuppression may also be important (<a href=\"#ref\">Reichel and Ellis, 2002<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>Diagnosis of <em>Neospora caninum<\/em><\/h3>\n<p>An ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) commercially available and used routinely\u00a0to test serum samples for <em>Neospora<\/em>-specific antibodies. The ELISA results are expressed as a percentage of a positive control included in each test (so-called per cent positivity [PP] values): results are negative if less than 20 PP; inconclusive if between 20 and 25 PP, and positive if greater than 25 PP. All serological results should be interpreted with caution as antibody levels have been reported to fluctuate (<a href=\"#ref\">Fischer et al., 2003<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Sager et al., 2001<\/a>). Consistent results from multiple tests should ideally be used if making decisions on culling or re-serving (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>). Typically, in infected animals, antibodies are highest in late pregnancy or soon after calving or aborting. Infected yearlings may test negative, which has implications for testing bought in animals.<\/p>\n<p>With abortions, routine investigations generally include examination of fetal fluid for <em>N. caninum<\/em>, using an IFAT (immunofluorescent antibody test). If positive, fixed fetal brain (or cardiac tissue if brain is unavailable) is examined for lesions. The combination of fetal serology and lesions is used to make a diagnosis. As <em>N. caninum<\/em> transmission is vertical, many healthy fetuses will be antibody positive so the presence of other abortifacient agents (such as BVDV) should be considered as the primary agent of abortion if found (<a href=\"#ref\">Innes et al., 2000<\/a>). Clinical diagnosis may involve consideration of the whole herd\u2019s health status, with confirmation of <em>N. caninum<\/em> as the cause of abortion only in the absence of other agents.<\/p>\n<h3><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> and effects on production<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4571\" style=\"width: 224px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_126671276-cropped.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4571\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4571\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_126671276-cropped-214x300.jpg\" alt=\"Attaching clusters to udders\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_126671276-cropped-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_126671276-cropped.jpg 457w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4571\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> infection is thought to reduce milk production through its effects on fertility.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span><br \/>\nIt has been estimated that 12.5% of abortions in dairy cattle in England and Wales, i.e., about 6000 per year, may be attributable to <em>N. caninum<\/em> although some abortions due to <em>N. caninum<\/em> may be undetected (<a href=\"#ref\">Boger and Hattel, 2003<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Davison et al., 1999<\/a>). Most abortions occur either sporadically on farms with annual abortion rates of less than 3% or as more frequent abortions on farms with annual abortion rates of 5 to 10 per cent (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Taylor, 2000<\/a>). Occasionally, abortion storms may occur, where rates may reach 60% of cows at risk and may be associated with introduction of infection (horizontal transmission) or by <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Previously infected, lays dormant, then recurs\">recrudescence<\/a><\/span> of infection in endemically infected herds (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>). It is possible for cattle that have previously aborted due to <em>N. caninum<\/em> infection to have a repeat abortion, with <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> cows two to 24 times more likely to abort than <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera does not contain specific antibodies\">seronegative<\/a><\/span> cows (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Hall et al., 2005<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Hernandez et al., 2002<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">L\u00f3pez-Gatius et al., 2004<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Pfeiffer et al., 2002<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Weston et al., 2005<\/a>). The factors that enhance the likelihood of a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> cow aborting remaining largely unknown, although stress and concurrent disease have been suggested (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Infection is thought to reduce milk production in adult dairy cows through its effects on fertility as cows which have aborted often produce a lower milk yield and are more likely to suffer retained fetal membranes (<a href=\"#ref\">Hobson et al., 2002<\/a>). <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">Seropositive<\/a><\/span> cows that do not abort may not have lower yields though. A high abortion incidence in the herd may lead to an increase in involuntary culling. <em>N. caninum<\/em> infections in young calves have been reported to cause neuromuscular disease and may affect growth rate of finishing animals (<a href=\"#ref\">Barling et al., 2001<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"control_prevention\"><\/a>The overall economic impact of <em>N. caninum<\/em> infection has been estimated as US$35 million per year to the Californian dairy industry. <em>N. caninum<\/em> abortions are incurring losses in excess of AUS$100 million per year in Australia, and \u20ac9.7 million per year in Switzerland (<a href=\"#ref\">Reichel et al., 2014<\/a>). Direct losses are also suffered due to, infertility, returns to service and loss of milk yield and indirect costs through replacements.<\/p>\n<h3>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<\/h3>\n<h4>Control and Prevention of <em>Neospora caninum<\/em><\/h4>\n<h3><em>Neospora caninum <\/em>and uninfected herds<\/h3>\n<p>With uninfected herds, strict biosecurity should be maintained to prevent disease entry. This should form part of the biosecurity component of the Herd Health Plan. Bought in female breeding animals should come from herds known to be free or tested before they calve for the first time. Additionally, risk factors for horizontal transmission should be minimized, so that access to feed and water areas by dogs should be prohibited. A monitoring program should also be undertaken to examine all abortions (including maternal serology) to monitor herd disease status.<\/p>\n<h3><em>Neospora caninum and <\/em>infected herds<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_3524\" style=\"width: 372px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/2475807394_47e38865b0_o.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3524\" class=\" wp-image-3524\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/2475807394_47e38865b0_o-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"Calves behind a gate\" width=\"362\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/2475807394_47e38865b0_o-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/2475807394_47e38865b0_o-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/2475807394_47e38865b0_o.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 362px) 100vw, 362px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-3524\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Selecting seronegative heifers as resplacements and culling serpositive ones has been shown to reduce disease transmsssion in Australian herds (Hall et al., 2005)<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span><em>Neospora caninum-<\/em>infected cattle are assumed to be infected for life. With infected herds, the aims are to prevent abortion and to reduce the risk of both horizontal and vertical transmission, such that prevalence is reduced in the long-term (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>). Ideally, a control policy would be based on knowing the herd <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The proportion of a population to have a specific antibody in their blood sera\">seroprevalence<\/a><\/span> of infection and this may be considered if the abortion rate is high. It has been suggested that control of <em>N. caninum<\/em> infection can be achieved in infected herds by blood testing all dams pre-calving or\u00a0calves soon after birth and identifying the dams of the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> calves as infected animals. These cows can either be culled or bred for beef production only (<a href=\"#ref\">Penny, 1999<\/a>).\u00a0Mathematical modeling has shown that culling of infected cows annually and not breeding replacements from the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> offspring will reduce the infection in a herd rapidly if the horizontal transmission by dogs can be limited to a minimum (<a href=\"#ref\">French et al., 1999<\/a>). However, <em>N. caninum<\/em> infected cattle should not be culled automatically as there may be other factors that influence a culling decision such as milk production, genetic merit, udder health (<a href=\"#ref\">Peregrine et al., 2004<\/a>) or lameness and not all pregnancies in a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> cow will end in abortion despite the increased risk.\u00a0Farmers should be aware that a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera contain specific antibodies\">seropositive<\/a><\/span> cow while no direct threat to her herdmates acts as a potential reservoir of infection after calving to dogs which can then infect other breeding animals (<a href=\"#ref\">Haddad et al., 2005<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Weston et al., 2005<\/a>). Based on a modeling approach in beef herds, only breeding from <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera does not contain specific antibodies\">seronegative<\/a><\/span> cows or heifers appears to be a reasonable control strategy (<a href=\"#ref\">Larson et al., 2004<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4691\" style=\"width: 341px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_66228838sm.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4691\" class=\" wp-image-4691\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_66228838sm-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"Cow at a concrete water trough\" width=\"331\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_66228838sm-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_66228838sm-293x220.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/shutterstock_66228838sm.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4691\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Contaminated water with oocysts from dog or other canid faeces may be the source of infection in cattle.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>Embryo transfer has been shown to be effective in breaking the lifecycle for cattle with high genetic value (<a href=\"#ref\">Campero et al., 2003<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Methods of preventing horizontal transmission:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Prohibit access of dogs to feed storage areas and feeding troughs<\/li>\n<li>Dispose of placentae and fetuses carefully and promptly after all calvings and abortions<\/li>\n<li>Do not feed raw bovine meat to farm dogs<\/li>\n<li>Minimize access by dogs onto pastures (public footpaths) &#8211; where unavoidable put up notices for dog owners to pick up dog feces<\/li>\n<li>Don&#8217;t allow hunts on pastures grazed by breeding stock<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"treatment\"><\/a>A vaccine was available to help control neosporosis called Neoguard\u2122 but it has been withdrawn from global sales due it its questionable efficacy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Treating <em>Neospora caninum <\/em>in Cattle<\/h4>\n<p>There is no effective treatment for this condition, although aborting cows should be given symptomatic supportive treatment and isolated until a diagnosis is made or veterinary advice given if no diagnosis is reached.<\/p>\n<p>However, dogs can be treated for <em>N. caninum<\/em> if diagnosed early but you need to consult your vet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> and Welfare<\/h4>\n<p><a id=\"good_practice\"><\/a>There are no specific welfare considerations associated with the condition, although efforts should be made to minimize the incidence of abortion in a herd as aborting animals often have subsequent disease problems of retained fetal membranes and endometritis.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge<\/h4>\n<div class=\"two_third\">\n<ul>\n<li>Investigate all cases of abortion in order to identify causes (See <a title=\"Abortion\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/abortion\/\">Abortion<\/a>) &#8211; In the UK it is statutory to report\u00a0 all abortions to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/animal-and-plant-health-agency\" target=\"_blank\">Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>If <em>N. caninum<\/em> is detected on the farm as a result of an abortion investigation, monitor all calves that are born for seropositivity and try to keep <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"When the blood sera does not contain specific antibodies\">seronegative<\/a><\/span> calves as replacements<\/li>\n<li>Consider culling infected animals. Do not rear seropositive offspring and\/or offspring of infected dams for breeding<\/li>\n<li>Prevent cows\u2019 access to dogs<\/li>\n<li>Prevent dogs from soiling pastures, animal feed and water supplies<\/li>\n<li>Prevent dogs\u2019 access to potentially contaminated material, i.e. afterbirth, aborted materials<\/li>\n<li>Follow good <a title=\"Biosecurity\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/veterinary-questions\/biosecurity\/\">biosecurity<\/a> practices\u00a0to avoid <em>N. caninum<\/em> coming onto your farm in imported stock<\/li>\n<li>Keep on top of concomitant infections such as IBR and <a title=\"Bovine Viral Diarrhoea\" href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/\">BVD<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Consider formal eradication or monitoring program such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.checs.co.uk\/diseases\/neospora\/\" target=\"_blank\">Cattle Health Certification Standards Scheme<\/a> in the UK which recently included <em>Neospora<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n<span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_5707\" style=\"width: 399px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/dog-mess-farm-cumbriacrack.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5707\" class=\" wp-image-5707\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/dog-mess-farm-cumbriacrack-300x108.jpg\" alt=\"Neospora farm sign\" width=\"389\" height=\"140\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/dog-mess-farm-cumbriacrack-300x108.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/dog-mess-farm-cumbriacrack.jpg 763w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 389px) 100vw, 389px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-5707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Good biosecurity measures are crucial in keeping Neospora caninum out of your herd. If you have fields that have public access, you should put up a sign to remind dog walkers to pick up dog\u00a0feces.<\/strong><br \/><strong>Image sourced from www.cumbriacrack.com<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\"><em>Neospora caninum<\/em> References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-d744c59df53c7827728d39b8e4c4621a\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">I8UFGTPW<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEM_TYPE\" style=\"display: none;\">items<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE\" style=\"display: none;\">apa<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT\" style=\"display: none;\">0<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY\" style=\"display: none;\">author<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER\" style=\"display: none;\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID\" style=\"display: none;\">4673<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL\" style=\"display:none;\">https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4250,"parent":724,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4673"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4673"}],"version-history":[{"count":52,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4673\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12006,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4673\/revisions\/12006"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4673"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}