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\n <\/a>\n <\/div><\/p>\nPig Diseases<\/h2><\/div>- All<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>
- C<\/a><\/li>
- D<\/a><\/li>
- E<\/a><\/li>
- G<\/a><\/li>
- L<\/a><\/li>
- M<\/a><\/li>
- P<\/a><\/li>
- R<\/a><\/li>
- S<\/a><\/li>
- T<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>B<\/div>
- Blue Ear Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>C<\/div>
- Clostridia<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li>
- Colibacillosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>D<\/div>
- Diarrhea (Piglet)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>E<\/div>
- E. coli<\/a><\/li>
- Eimeria<\/a><\/li>
- Enteritis - Necrotic<\/a><\/li>
- Erysipelas<\/a><\/li>
- External Parasites<\/a><\/li>
- Edema Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>G<\/div>
- Greasy Pig Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>L<\/div>
- Lice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>M<\/div>
- Mange<\/a><\/li>
- Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>P<\/div>
- Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- PEARS<\/a><\/li>
- Piglet Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- Pneumonia<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Epidemic Abortion and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Post-weaning Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- PRRS<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>R<\/div>
- Respiratory Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Ringworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>S<\/div>
- Scours<\/a><\/li>
- SIRS<\/a><\/li>
- Skin conditions<\/a><\/li>
- Streptococcal Infections<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Pox<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>T<\/div>
- Tetanus<\/a><\/li>
- Ticks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
Clostridial Disease in Pigs<\/h4>\n
Also known as: Enteritis – Necrotic, Tetanus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\nClostridia<\/em> are a species of soil-dwelling anaerobic bacteria that produce toxins that\u00a0can kill a host in a short period of time. The toxins are the main cause of disease, not the bacteria, but treatment must be given to prevent multiplication of the bacteria. Clostridial related enteritis<\/a><\/span> is a primary cause of diarrhea in piglets (Potter, 1998<\/a>; Taylor, 1995<\/a>). Other Clostridia<\/em> may develop in existing wounds, and can lead to high mortality rates.\u00a0 Whenever sow mortality is more than 4% in the herd, death <\/a>due to clostridial disease should be considered.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\nWhat Causes Clostridial Disease?<\/a>
\nControl and Prevention<\/a>
\nTreatment Options<\/a>
\nGood Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nWhat Causes Clostridial Disease in Pigs?<\/h4>\n
Clostridia<\/em> are soil and fecal borne organisms that form spores<\/a><\/span> (sporulate<\/a><\/span>) and\u00a0can survive for a very long time, even in inhospitable environments. Therefore outdoor herds are at greater risk of Clostridial disease than indoor herds.\u00a0 Sheep are also susceptible to clostridial disease, however, it is not necessary for pasture to have been grazed by sheep to create a risk to pigs.<\/p>\nClostridial infection can affect pigs of all ages and clostridial disease can take one of four forms:<\/p>\n
\n- Clostridial enteritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0associated with Clostridium perfringens<\/em>\u00a0Types A & C<\/li>\n
- Clostridium novyi<\/em> causes necrotic<\/a><\/span>\u00a0or anaerobic hepatitis in sows and older growing pigs<\/li>\n
- Clostridium septicum <\/em>infection (often called malignant oedema) causes clostridial cellulitis and gas gangrene in swine with open wounds (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>).<\/li>\n
- Clostridium tetani<\/em> causes tetanus, although this is uncommon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Cl.<\/em> novyi<\/em> infections in particular can be a major problem in outdoor pigs, though not exclusively.\u00a0Suboptimal outdoor environment and high outdoor infection pressure were cited as potential contributors to sow mortality caused by Cl. novyi<\/em> on an outdoor pig unit (Almond and Bilkei, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\nCl. septicum<\/em> and Cl. tetani<\/em> can be widespread in soil, and therefore may be a risk to outdoor units.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n![\"Sows](\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/Sows-outdoors-with-piglets-300x200.jpg\")
<\/a>Clostridia<\/em> are soil and fecal borne bacteria, and the spores they produce are very resistant to heat, UV light and disinfectant. Clostridial species\u00a0are often associated with outdoor herds due to the abundance of the spores in the soil.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<\/span><\/p>\n
Clostridial enteritis<\/h3>\n
Enteritis may affect only 3 or 4 litters in a herd (Taylor, 1995) but can also cause large-scale outbreaks.\u00a0Cl.<\/em> perfringens<\/em>\u00a0Types A and C are common sources of infection (Types B and D are extremely rare). Cl.<\/em> perfringens <\/em>Type C is a primary pathogen and the most frequently occurring\u00a0form, causing necrotic<\/a><\/span> and\u00a0hemorrhagic enteritis<\/a><\/span> \u00a0(Potter, 1998<\/a>; Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). It can colonise after other pathogens such as transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus, coccidia, rotavirus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Type C disease typically occurs in the first 3-4 days of life, but has been recorded in older piglets (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). When infected with Cl. Perfringens <\/em>Type C piglets will show signs of enteritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0in the first or second day, producing sudden, profuse bloody diarrhea (Cowart, 1995<\/a>). Piglets rapidly lose condition, become dehydrated and die.\u00a0 Acute neonatal clostridial enteritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0can wipe out whole litters before clinical signs develop, resulting in high levels of mortality. When formed, the spores from Cl.<\/em> perfringens <\/em>Type C\u00a0persist in the environment by virtue of their resistance to heat, disinfectants, and ultraviolet light. The disease cycles through non-vaccinated piglets but the ultimate source of infection is the intestine of the sow (Songer and Uzal, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\nCl. perfringens <\/em>Type A is part of the normal flora<\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0of the pig intestine, hence can be found in the intestines of both healthy and diseased individuals (Songer and Uzal, 2005<\/a>). Type A disease usually develops in the first week of life, presenting as creamy, pasty diarrhea and a roughened hair coat.\u00a0 Clinical signs persist for up to 5 days, following which most piglets recover but remain stunted. Sows are the likely source\u00a0of infection (Songer and Uzal, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\nSee:\u00a0\u00a0 NADIS Pig Disease Focus \u2013 Clostridial<\/em> perfringens<\/em>\u00a0infection in piglets<\/a><\/p>\nClostridium novyi<\/em><\/h3>\nCl. novyi<\/em> causes necrotic<\/a><\/span> or anaerobic hepatitis and affects older stock, particularly sows (Potter, 1998<\/a>; Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). Necrotic or anaerobic hepatitis results in sudden death, and is often not well diagnosed, as carcasses decompose rapidly (Potter, 1998<\/a>).<\/p>\nClostridium septicum <\/em>(Malignant Edema)<\/h3>\nCl. septicum<\/em>\u00a0can be widespread in the soil, and is therefore a risk factor for outdoor units. Clinical signs\u00a0develop rapidly, as\u00a0swelling, often around the abdomen, head or shoulders. The area of swelling may show reddish purple colouring of the skin, which spreads rapidly. Movement may be affected by swelling, and latterly animals lie flat and may groan (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). This disease is rapidly fatal.<\/p>\nClostridium tetani <\/em>(Tetanus)<\/h3>\n<\/a>Cl. tetani<\/em> infections can affect all ages, but most commonly disease occurs in young piglets with open wounds, including the umbilicus, or wounds left by castration, tail docking or teeth clipping. Tetanus infection is characterised by stiff gait and muscle spasms. As infection develops, the animal’s ears become erect, its tail may straighten and eventually the animal will lie prone (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). Spasms continue until death, heightened by localized sound, touch or movement.\u00a0Infection is often fatal (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\nControl and Prevention Clostridial Disease in Pigs<\/h4>\n
Clostridial infections are closely associated with lack of hygiene and sanitation.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n![\"freerange](\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/06\/freerange-sow-and-piglets-300x200.jpg\")
<\/a>Enteritis caused by Clostridia<\/em> is usually spread via piglet-to-piglet contact, or through maternal feces. Infection can be minimized by good hygiene protocols, such as moving and re-bedding farrowing huts onto new ground after every litter.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<\/span>Enteritis<\/a><\/span> is spread through piglet-to-piglet contact and maternal feces (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). The maintenance of high levels of hygiene through regular replenishment of bedding, disposal\/burning of used bedding, disinfecting of farrowing huts between litters, and the regular movement of individual huts and farrowing paddocks will minimize infections.<\/p>\nVaccination is recommended as a control strategy, particularly in outdoor herds, due to the increased risk of infection. The prophylactic use of\u00a0antimicrobials is not recommended as it is not a sustainable strategy.\u00a0\u00a0Vaccination of the sow will protect against Types B, C and D. The vaccine Clostriporc A made by IDT is available in the EU and could be imported under licence from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) if Type A is confirmed in a clinical case.<\/p>\n
Where\u00a0Cl. novyi<\/em> is recognised as a problem in sows, vaccination with an appropriate polyvalent<\/a><\/span> vaccine is highly effective. With the exception of a combined E. coli<\/em>\/Cl. perfringens\u00a0<\/em>vaccine, which has been developed specifically for pigs, the
- All<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>
- C<\/a><\/li>
- D<\/a><\/li>
- E<\/a><\/li>
- G<\/a><\/li>
- L<\/a><\/li>
- M<\/a><\/li>
- P<\/a><\/li>
- R<\/a><\/li>
- S<\/a><\/li>
- T<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>B<\/div>- Blue Ear Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>C<\/div>
- Clostridia<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li>
- Colibacillosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>D<\/div>- Diarrhea (Piglet)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>E<\/div>
- E. coli<\/a><\/li>
- Eimeria<\/a><\/li>
- Enteritis - Necrotic<\/a><\/li>
- Erysipelas<\/a><\/li>
- External Parasites<\/a><\/li>
- Edema Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>G<\/div>- Greasy Pig Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>L<\/div>
- Lice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>M<\/div>
- Mange<\/a><\/li>
- Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>P<\/div>- Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- PEARS<\/a><\/li>
- Piglet Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- Pneumonia<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Epidemic Abortion and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Post-weaning Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- PRRS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>R<\/div>- Respiratory Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Ringworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>S<\/div>- Scours<\/a><\/li>
- SIRS<\/a><\/li>
- Skin conditions<\/a><\/li>
- Streptococcal Infections<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Pox<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>T<\/div>- Tetanus<\/a><\/li>
- Ticks<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nClostridial Disease in Pigs<\/h4>\n
Also known as: Enteritis – Necrotic, Tetanus<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
\nClostridia<\/em> are a species of soil-dwelling anaerobic bacteria that produce toxins that\u00a0can kill a host in a short period of time. The toxins are the main cause of disease, not the bacteria, but treatment must be given to prevent multiplication of the bacteria. Clostridial related enteritis<\/a><\/span> is a primary cause of diarrhea in piglets (Potter, 1998<\/a>; Taylor, 1995<\/a>). Other Clostridia<\/em> may develop in existing wounds, and can lead to high mortality rates.\u00a0 Whenever sow mortality is more than 4% in the herd, death <\/a>due to clostridial disease should be considered.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\nWhat Causes Clostridial Disease?<\/a>
\nControl and Prevention<\/a>
\nTreatment Options<\/a>
\nGood Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nWhat Causes Clostridial Disease in Pigs?<\/h4>\n
Clostridia<\/em> are soil and fecal borne organisms that form spores<\/a><\/span> (sporulate<\/a><\/span>) and\u00a0can survive for a very long time, even in inhospitable environments. Therefore outdoor herds are at greater risk of Clostridial disease than indoor herds.\u00a0 Sheep are also susceptible to clostridial disease, however, it is not necessary for pasture to have been grazed by sheep to create a risk to pigs.<\/p>\n
Clostridial infection can affect pigs of all ages and clostridial disease can take one of four forms:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Clostridial enteritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0associated with Clostridium perfringens<\/em>\u00a0Types A & C<\/li>\n
- Clostridium novyi<\/em> causes necrotic<\/a><\/span>\u00a0or anaerobic hepatitis in sows and older growing pigs<\/li>\n
- Clostridium septicum <\/em>infection (often called malignant oedema) causes clostridial cellulitis and gas gangrene in swine with open wounds (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>).<\/li>\n
- Clostridium tetani<\/em> causes tetanus, although this is uncommon<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Cl.<\/em> novyi<\/em> infections in particular can be a major problem in outdoor pigs, though not exclusively.\u00a0Suboptimal outdoor environment and high outdoor infection pressure were cited as potential contributors to sow mortality caused by Cl. novyi<\/em> on an outdoor pig unit (Almond and Bilkei, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n
Cl. septicum<\/em> and Cl. tetani<\/em> can be widespread in soil, and therefore may be a risk to outdoor units.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>Clostridia<\/em> are soil and fecal borne bacteria, and the spores they produce are very resistant to heat, UV light and disinfectant. Clostridial species\u00a0are often associated with outdoor herds due to the abundance of the spores in the soil.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/p>\n
Clostridial enteritis<\/h3>\n
Enteritis may affect only 3 or 4 litters in a herd (Taylor, 1995) but can also cause large-scale outbreaks.\u00a0Cl.<\/em> perfringens<\/em>\u00a0Types A and C are common sources of infection (Types B and D are extremely rare). Cl.<\/em> perfringens <\/em>Type C is a primary pathogen and the most frequently occurring\u00a0form, causing necrotic<\/a><\/span> and\u00a0hemorrhagic enteritis<\/a><\/span> \u00a0(Potter, 1998<\/a>; Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). It can colonise after other pathogens such as transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus, coccidia, rotavirus, and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Type C disease typically occurs in the first 3-4 days of life, but has been recorded in older piglets (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). When infected with Cl. Perfringens <\/em>Type C piglets will show signs of enteritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0in the first or second day, producing sudden, profuse bloody diarrhea (Cowart, 1995<\/a>). Piglets rapidly lose condition, become dehydrated and die.\u00a0 Acute neonatal clostridial enteritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0can wipe out whole litters before clinical signs develop, resulting in high levels of mortality. When formed, the spores from Cl.<\/em> perfringens <\/em>Type C\u00a0persist in the environment by virtue of their resistance to heat, disinfectants, and ultraviolet light. The disease cycles through non-vaccinated piglets but the ultimate source of infection is the intestine of the sow (Songer and Uzal, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n
Cl. perfringens <\/em>Type A is part of the normal flora<\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0of the pig intestine, hence can be found in the intestines of both healthy and diseased individuals (Songer and Uzal, 2005<\/a>). Type A disease usually develops in the first week of life, presenting as creamy, pasty diarrhea and a roughened hair coat.\u00a0 Clinical signs persist for up to 5 days, following which most piglets recover but remain stunted. Sows are the likely source\u00a0of infection (Songer and Uzal, 2005<\/a>).<\/p>\n
See:\u00a0\u00a0 NADIS Pig Disease Focus \u2013 Clostridial<\/em> perfringens<\/em>\u00a0infection in piglets<\/a><\/p>\n
Clostridium novyi<\/em><\/h3>\n
Cl. novyi<\/em> causes necrotic<\/a><\/span> or anaerobic hepatitis and affects older stock, particularly sows (Potter, 1998<\/a>; Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). Necrotic or anaerobic hepatitis results in sudden death, and is often not well diagnosed, as carcasses decompose rapidly (Potter, 1998<\/a>).<\/p>\n
Clostridium septicum <\/em>(Malignant Edema)<\/h3>\n
Cl. septicum<\/em>\u00a0can be widespread in the soil, and is therefore a risk factor for outdoor units. Clinical signs\u00a0develop rapidly, as\u00a0swelling, often around the abdomen, head or shoulders. The area of swelling may show reddish purple colouring of the skin, which spreads rapidly. Movement may be affected by swelling, and latterly animals lie flat and may groan (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). This disease is rapidly fatal.<\/p>\n
Clostridium tetani <\/em>(Tetanus)<\/h3>\n
<\/a>Cl. tetani<\/em> infections can affect all ages, but most commonly disease occurs in young piglets with open wounds, including the umbilicus, or wounds left by castration, tail docking or teeth clipping. Tetanus infection is characterised by stiff gait and muscle spasms. As infection develops, the animal’s ears become erect, its tail may straighten and eventually the animal will lie prone (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). Spasms continue until death, heightened by localized sound, touch or movement.\u00a0Infection is often fatal (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nControl and Prevention Clostridial Disease in Pigs<\/h4>\n
Clostridial infections are closely associated with lack of hygiene and sanitation.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>Enteritis caused by Clostridia<\/em> is usually spread via piglet-to-piglet contact, or through maternal feces. Infection can be minimized by good hygiene protocols, such as moving and re-bedding farrowing huts onto new ground after every litter.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span>Enteritis<\/a><\/span> is spread through piglet-to-piglet contact and maternal feces (Songer and Taylor, 2013<\/a>). The maintenance of high levels of hygiene through regular replenishment of bedding, disposal\/burning of used bedding, disinfecting of farrowing huts between litters, and the regular movement of individual huts and farrowing paddocks will minimize infections.<\/p>\n
Vaccination is recommended as a control strategy, particularly in outdoor herds, due to the increased risk of infection. The prophylactic use of\u00a0antimicrobials is not recommended as it is not a sustainable strategy.\u00a0\u00a0Vaccination of the sow will protect against Types B, C and D. The vaccine Clostriporc A made by IDT is available in the EU and could be imported under licence from the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) if Type A is confirmed in a clinical case.<\/p>\n
Where\u00a0Cl. novyi<\/em> is recognised as a problem in sows, vaccination with an appropriate polyvalent<\/a><\/span> vaccine is highly effective. With the exception of a combined E. coli<\/em>\/Cl. perfringens\u00a0<\/em>vaccine, which has been developed specifically for pigs, the
- Clostridium novyi<\/em> causes necrotic<\/a><\/span>\u00a0or anaerobic hepatitis in sows and older growing pigs<\/li>\n
- Ticks<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- SIRS<\/a><\/li>
- Ringworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- PEARS<\/a><\/li>
- Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Mange<\/a><\/li>
- Lice<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Eimeria<\/a><\/li>
- E. coli<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li>
- Clostridia<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>