{"id":6698,"date":"2015-09-25T11:24:34","date_gmt":"2015-09-25T10:24:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=6698"},"modified":"2016-06-15T13:09:34","modified_gmt":"2016-06-15T12:09:34","slug":"joint-ill-sheep","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/joint-ill-sheep\/","title":{"rendered":"Joint-ill"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/joint-ill-sheep\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Joint-ill&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><br \/>\n<h2>Sheep Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/acidosis-ruminal\/\">Acidosis - Ruminal<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/adenomatosis-pulmonary\/\">Adenomatosis - Pulmonary<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/arthritis-in-sheep\/\">Arthritis in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/barbers-pole-worm\/\">Barbers Pole Worm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/sheep-blowfly-strike\/\">Blowfly Strike<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/border-disease\/\">Border Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis-2\/\">Campylobacteriosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/chlamydial-abortion\/\">Chlamydial Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/circling-disease\/\">Circling Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency-in-sheep\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-lambs\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/coenurosis\/\">Coenurosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-ecthyma\/\">Contagious Ecthyma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-pustular-dermatitis\/\">Contagious Pustular Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-respiratory-tumours\/\">Contagious Respiratory Tumours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/copper-poisoning\/\">Copper Poisoning<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-lambs\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection-in-lambs\/\">E. coli infection in lambs<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/eimeria-in-sheep\/\">Eimeria in sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/encephalitis-listerial\/\">Encephalitis - Listerial<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/endoparasites-in-sheep\/\">Endoparasites in Sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/enzootic-abortion-in-ewes\/\">Enzootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica-in-sheep\/\">Fasciola<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/fly-strike\/\">Fly Strike<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/foot-abcess\/\">Foot Abcess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/foot-rot\/\">Foot Rot<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/granuloma\/\">Granuloma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/grass-staggers-in-sheep\/\">Grass Staggers in sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/hairy-shaker-lambs\/\">Hairy-shaker lambs<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia-in-sheep\/\">Hypomagnesemia in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/jaagsiekte\/\">Jaagsiekte<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/joint-ill-sheep\/\">Joint-ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/listeriosis-in-sheep\/\">Listeriosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/liver-fluke-sheep\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/louping-ill\/\">Louping-ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency-2\/\">Magnesium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/mange-psoroptic\/\">Mange - Psoroptic<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/myiasis\/\">Myiasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/orf\/\">Orf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia-in-sheep\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pulmonary-adenomatosis\/\">Pulmonary Adenomatosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/roundworm\/\">roundworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/roundworms-in-sheep\/\">Roundworms in Sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ruminal-acidosis\/\">Ruminal Acidosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/scab\/\">Scab<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/scald\/\">Scald<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/sheep-scab\/\">Sheep Scab<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/shelly-hoof\/\">Shelly Hoof<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/suppurative-polyarthritis\/\">Suppurative Polyarthritis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/taenia-multiceps\/\">Taenia multiceps<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/teladorsagia-circumcincta\/\">Teladorsagia circumcincta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/toxaemia\/\">Toxemia, Pregnancy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/toxoplasmosis\/\">Toxoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/trichostrongylus\/\">Trichostrongylus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/watery-mouth-disease\/\">Watery Mouth Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/white-line-separation\/\">White Line Separation<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/white-liver-disease\/\">White Liver Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/worms-in-sheep\/\">Worms in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<h4>Joint-ill in Sheep<\/h4>\n<p><em><strong>Also known as: Arthritis, Suppurative Polyarthritis<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"two_third\">\n<strong>Joint-ill is a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Formation of, or discharge of pus\">suppurative<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Involves any type of arthritis in 5 or more joints simultaneously\">polyarthritis<\/a><\/span> and occurs in lambs up to one month of age. Usually the route of infection is through the navel, tail or castration wounds, although the gut and upper respiratory tract <b>are now thought to be significant routes of infection,<\/b>\u00a0which are invaded by <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Capable of causing disease\">pathogenic <\/a><\/span> bacteria from a contaminated environment and\u00a0travel via the bloodstream causing localized build-up of bacteria in the joints (<a href=\"#ref\">Angus, 1991a<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>There is a sudden onset of lameness in young lambs, frequently followed by sudden death. M<b>orbidity may be 2-15% between flocks, but up to 50% has been reported (<a href=\"#ref\">Nicholas and Loria, 2014<\/a>).\u00a0<\/b>Affected lambs are often lame in several limb joints including fetlocks, knees, hocks and stifles. Affected joints are hot and painful. The lambs are dull, feverish and clearly unthrifty. Some may have swollen, infected navels, while others may have symptoms of pneumonia or meningitis (<a href=\"#ref\">Angus, 1991b<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Green <em>et al<\/em>., 1995,<\/a> <a href=\"#ref\">1997<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Knowles <em>et al.<\/em>, 1994<\/a>).<a id=\"joint\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What causes Joint-ill?\" href=\"#joint\">What causes Joint-ill?<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Control and Prevention\" href=\"#control_prevention\">Control and Prevention<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What are the treatment options?\" href=\"#treatment\">Treatment Options<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What about welfare?\" href=\"#welfare\">What about welfare?<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge\" href=\"#good_practice\">Good Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<h3>What causes Joint-ill?<\/h3>\n<p>The infection is usually caused by strains of <em>Streptococci<\/em>, particularly <em>Streptococcus dysgalactiae<\/em>. \u00a0<em>S. dysgalactiae<\/em> infections are usually acquired in the first few days after lambing. The umbilicus is proposed to be the most likely route of infection (<a href=\"#ref\">Watkins and Sharp, 1998<\/a>), and it is thought that the main source of infection is from the vaginal tract of colonized ewes (<a href=\"#ref\">Rutherford <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>). <em>S. dysgalactiae<\/em> has been shown to survive on straw at 37\u00b0C for 42 days (<a href=\"#ref\">Rutherford <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Belonging to a group of rod-shaped bacteria typified by E. coli\">Coliforms<\/a><\/span> and occasionally <em>Actinomyces pyogenes<\/em> have also been isolated from joint-ill infections. If the exudate is non-<span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Formation of, or discharge of pus\">suppurative<\/a><\/span>, but <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Cloudy or opaque liquid\">turbid<\/a><\/span> and <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Resembling a whitish fibrous protein\">fibrinous<\/a><\/span>, <em>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em> may be isolated <strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in cases of lambs 2-6 months of age, with a transient fever, but usually in the absence of <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">recumbency<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">depression (<a href=\"#ref\">Nicholas and Loria, 2014<\/a>)<\/span><\/strong>. <em>Fusobacterium necrophorum<\/em> may also cause <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Dead cells or tissue\">necrotic<\/a><\/span> joint lesions (<a href=\"#ref\">Angus, 1991a<\/a>). <em>Mycoplasma <\/em>species may also be a cause of joint problems (<a href=\"#ref\">DaMassa and Porter, 1987<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><strong>The bacteria named above are also present in the following diseases\/infections:<a id=\"control_prevention\"><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"custom-table-2\">\n<table style=\"height: 400px;\" width=\"632\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"234\"><strong>Bacteria<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"382\"><strong>Disease<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\"><em>Streptococcus dysgalactiae<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"382\">Meningitis, endocarditis and arthritis in piglets<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/mastitis\/\">Contagious mastitis in cattle<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\"><em>Actinomyces pyrogenes<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/lumpy-jaw\/\">Lumpy jaw in cattle<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\"><em>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/pig-diseases\/erysipelothrix-rhusiopathiae\/\">Swine erysipelas<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\"><em>Fusobacterium necrophorum<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/mastitis\/\">Summer mastitis in cattle<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"234\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<td width=\"382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/lameness\/\">Digital dermatitis in cattle<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"234\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: left;\" width=\"382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/lameness\/\">Foul-in-the-foot in cattle<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:40px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Control and Prevention of Joint-ill<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6570\" style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Indoor-lambing.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6570\" class=\"wp-image-6570 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Indoor-lambing-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Indoor lambing\" width=\"399\" height=\"266\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Indoor-lambing-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Indoor-lambing.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6570\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong><em>Steptococcus dysgalactiae<\/em> is thought to be the most common bacterial pathogen to cause joint-ill, although carriage by sheep is uncommon. Lambs are often born indoors on straw bedding, then remain indoors for at least 24 hours after birth; therefore if bedding material\u00a0is contaminated with <em>S. dysgalactiae,<\/em> there is a\u00a0potential for lambs to\u00a0be exposed for a long time (<a href=\"#ref\">Rutherford, 2014<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span><br \/>\nIt is essential to move lambs and pregnant ewes away from the contaminated area, which should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Wherever possible, lambing pens should be moved to a different area. Care should be taken that all lambs get sufficient colostrum during the first six hours after birth and that their navels are dressed with a navel dip such as iodine (<a href=\"#ref\">Angus, 1991a<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"treatment\"><\/a>Your farm vet may recommend <em>Erysipelothrix<\/em> vaccination as an option if there is a particular disease risk. Two or three doses of the <em>Erysipelothrix<\/em> vaccine are given to the ewe, the last dose being given\u00a03 weeks before lambing. Lambs can also be vaccinated from 6-8 weeks of age (<a href=\"#ref\">Marchant, 1997<\/a>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"one_half\">\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 10px !important;'><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Treating Joint-ill<\/h4>\n<p>Joint-ill is caused by bacteria, so treatment with high doses of antibiotics can be successful if the disease is diagnosed early. If there is an outbreak of joint-ill on your farm, you should consult your farm vet as the fate of the individual lambs depends on the stage of infection. Sometimes it may be better to cull the affected animals, especially when several joints are involved.<\/p>\n<p>Until the joint-ill bacteria have been identified, it is best to assume that <em>Streptococci<\/em> are the cause, and treat the lambs with products containing penicillin initially. A simple penicillin product for daily administration is\u00a0preferable\u00a0to a long-acting form, and should be given for 10 days duration in combination with\u00a0anti-inflammatory\u00a0(<a href=\"#ref\">Marchant, 1997<\/a>). Penicillin would also be used if <em>Erysipelothrix<\/em> were present.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"welfare\"><\/a>The use of intra-articular corticosteroids is not recommended, but there may be a place for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<div class=\"two_third\">\n<h4>Joint-ill and Welfare<\/h4>\n<p><a id=\"good_practice\"><\/a>Joint-ill is a major welfare problem in lambs and is often cited as being caused by poor hygiene practices. Farmers need to ensure their lambing pens are clean, lambs have suckled colostrum and the navels are dressed with an antiseptic to keep the lambs free of the disease. Severely affected animals should be humanely destroyed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0px 20px 0px !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge<\/h4>\n<p>Farms\u00a0that have a problem with joint-ill during lambing time should have their lambing management reviewed and improved as part of the overall Flock Health Plan. Animal health advisers and your farm vet can both help with this.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dress newborn lambs navels with an antiseptic navel dip<\/li>\n<li>Make sure all lambs get sufficient colostrum during the first six hours after birth\u00a0<strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (50ml\/kg in the first 2 hours and 10% of their body weight\u00a0in the first 24hrs)<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Move the lambs and pregnant ewes away from the contaminated area, then thoroughly clean and disinfect the area<\/li>\n<li>Treat affected lambs early, with simple\u00a0penicillin-containing products for a prolonged duration<\/li>\n<li>Severe cases of joint-ill have to be culled<\/li>\n<li>Seek to identify the bacteria involved, by swabbing joints for culture at post mortem examination<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n<span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_6709\" style=\"width: 279px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Navel-dip-Cornwall-College-Flickr.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-6709\" class=\"wp-image-6709 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Navel-dip-Cornwall-College-Flickr-213x300.jpg\" alt=\"Navel dip Cornwall College Flickr\" width=\"269\" height=\"379\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Navel-dip-Cornwall-College-Flickr-213x300.jpg 213w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Navel-dip-Cornwall-College-Flickr.jpg 455w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 269px) 100vw, 269px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-6709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>All newborn lambs should have their navels dipped with antiseptic to avoid infection. (Image\u00a0courtesy of\u00a0Cornwall College, photograph by Steve Tanner 2012).<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\">Joint Ill References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-60c9538e9fed47d5558a212f6d024547\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">NA4TTZZH<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEM_TYPE\" style=\"display: none;\">items<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE\" style=\"display: none;\">apa<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT\" style=\"display: none;\">0<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY\" style=\"display: none;\">author<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER\" style=\"display: none;\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID\" style=\"display: none;\">6698<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL\" style=\"display:none;\">https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":6554,"parent":1605,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6698"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6698"}],"version-history":[{"count":52,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12019,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6698\/revisions\/12019"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1605"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6554"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}