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\n <\/a>\n <\/div><\/p>\nPig Diseases<\/h2><\/div>- All<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>
- C<\/a><\/li>
- D<\/a><\/li>
- E<\/a><\/li>
- G<\/a><\/li>
- L<\/a><\/li>
- M<\/a><\/li>
- P<\/a><\/li>
- R<\/a><\/li>
- S<\/a><\/li>
- T<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>B<\/div>
- Blue Ear Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>C<\/div>
- Clostridia<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li>
- Colibacillosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>D<\/div>
- Diarrhea (Piglet)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>E<\/div>
- E. coli<\/a><\/li>
- Eimeria<\/a><\/li>
- Enteritis - Necrotic<\/a><\/li>
- Erysipelas<\/a><\/li>
- External Parasites<\/a><\/li>
- Edema Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>G<\/div>
- Greasy Pig Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>L<\/div>
- Lice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>M<\/div>
- Mange<\/a><\/li>
- Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>P<\/div>
- Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- PEARS<\/a><\/li>
- Piglet Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- Pneumonia<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Epidemic Abortion and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Post-weaning Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- PRRS<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>R<\/div>
- Respiratory Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Ringworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>S<\/div>
- Scours<\/a><\/li>
- SIRS<\/a><\/li>
- Skin conditions<\/a><\/li>
- Streptococcal Infections<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Pox<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>T<\/div>
- Tetanus<\/a><\/li>
- Ticks<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
Erysipelas in Pigs<\/h4>\n
Also known as:\u00a0Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\nSwine erysipelas is a disease that is caused by the bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em>, which is a Gram<\/a><\/span> -positive rod-shaped facultative bacteria<\/a><\/span>. <\/em>Swine erysipelas is the most important infectious agent responsible for non-suppurative<\/a><\/span> joint disease in pigs world-wide (Johnston et al., 1987<\/a>). It is endemic<\/a><\/span> in most pig-producing areas, occurring in outbreaks in susceptible herds. Up to 50% of healthy pigs can carry the organism in their tonsils (Okolo, 1986<\/a>; Takahashi et al., 1987<\/a>). Erysipelothrix <\/em>infections have been reported in as many as 50 different species of animals, although the highest occurrence is found in domestic\u00a0pigs (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>). In sheep it has been implicated in cases of joint-ill<\/a>. Humans can also be infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em>; this zoonotic<\/a><\/span> <\/a>organism is an occupational pathogen <\/a><\/span> which is prevalent in those working with animals, or with animal products (Brooke and Riley, 1999<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\nAbout Swine Erysipelas<\/a>
\nControl and Prevention<\/a>
\nErysipelas Vaccines<\/a>
\nTreatment Options<\/a>
\nGood Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n![\"pig](\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/pig-in-water-300x201.jpg\")
<\/a>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em> bacteria can survive for long periods in the environment and in water. Water systems can become infected with the bacteria and be a source of disease.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<\/span>The bacteria\u00a0are widespread in the environment and stress, husbandry methods, and intercurrent <\/a><\/span> disease are key risk factors. Establishment of infection occurs through regular contamination of damaged skin resulting from poorly constructed floors and cohabitation with other carrier species such as birds.<\/p>\nInfection is characterized by acute<\/a><\/span> or sub-acute septicaemia<\/a><\/span> and chronic<\/a><\/span> lesions, usually arthritis or valvular endocarditis (heart condition with lesions in the heart valves). The speed of multiplication and the level of immunity in the pig determines the clinical symptoms.<\/p>\nThe most typical symptoms of acute septicaemia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0are high fever and distinctive skin lesions (“diamonds”). These lesions\u00a0may appear as early as 2 or 3 days after infection, however they do not appear in every clinical case, and their presence is\u00a0only indicative of erysipelas not conclusive. \u00a0The lesions\u00a0vary in size, from small 1\u20132 cm diamonds to 4\u20135 cm blotches, and color, from light pink and purple to an intensely red area with a white centre, appearing like targets on the skin. If the animal survives, typical lesions may disappear in about a 4\u20137 days if not complicated (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\nChronic<\/a><\/span> arthritis is manifested in lameness and swollen joints, most commonly the hock, stifle elbow and carpal joints (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>). Currently, chronic<\/a><\/span> arthritis is the most common form of the disease in the UK. Infertility can occur in affected sows (Martinez et al., 2008),\u00a0especially if they have clinical signs around mating\u00a0time.\u00a0Infections may cause abortion or influence stillbirth rate and litter size (Gertenbach and Bilkei, 2002<\/a>). Chronic heart valves lesions can cause unexpected mortality.<\/p>\n<\/a>According to the EU regulation 854\/2004 for meat inspection, enforced in January 2006, any swine carcass affected by erysipelas must be destroyed and when pigs show erysipelas during ante-mortem inspection, the slaughtering must be defered, although the length of this period is not specified (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>). Colavita et al<\/a> (2006) suggest that for cutaneous<\/a><\/span> erysipelas this period should be at least 15 days from disappearance of typical lesions for cutaneous<\/a><\/span> erysipelas, in order to guarantee a good level of safety of the meat and to reduce the hazard of occupational disease for veterinarians, abattoir workers and meat processors.<\/p>\n<\/div>\nControl and Prevention of Erysipelas<\/h4>\n![\"pig](\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/pig-snouts-300x200.jpg\")
<\/a>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em>, the bacteria that causes swine erysipelas, is present on all if not most pig farms. A monitoring system should be in place in order to detect any cases should they appear.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<\/span>Pigs, both carriers and acutely infected animals, are considered the main reservoir for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae <\/em>in a herd. Soil or feces contamination or wildlife reservoir are considered insignificant as sources of infection (Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>). The pathogen has the ability to persist in the environment for long periods and can survive marine conditions (Brooke and Riley, 1999<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/a>Suckling piglets of an immune sow are usually resistant to the disease until the maternal immunity wanes. Similarly, older sows tend to be immune. There does not appear to be any genetic resistance to erysipelas. Other, concurrent infections, such as parasitic infestations or mycotoxins, or nutritional or environmental\/climatic changes have all been suggested as predisposing factors for an erysipelas outbreak (Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>), although\u00a0 the main risk factor for an outbreak is the introduction of a new animal into the herd.<\/p>\nSwine Erysipelas Vaccines<\/h3>\n
Killed and inactivated vaccines are available and their use is advocated by some (Redhead et al., 1998;<\/a> Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>), while others express doubts about the efficacy of the vaccine (Chen et al., 1998<\/a>). It is generally accepted that the vaccines do not have much or any effect on the development of chronic erysipelas arthritis, and it has been suggested that the vaccination actually enhances the development of chronic erysipelas arthritis (Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\nHowever vaccination is commonly used in the UK especially in the breeding herd. Examples are Porcilis Ery and Ery + Parvo, Eryseng Parvo (Hipra).\u00a0 Autogenous vaccine<\/a><\/span> is also an option if it can be proven that the commercial vaccinations are unsuitable for managing the on farm situation.\u00a0 Erysipelas vaccination needs to be repeated every 4-6 months.\u00a0 It is appropriate for sows and gilts throughout their lifetime.<\/p>\nVaccines\u00a0give a protective immunity for 4-6 months. If a vaccination program is used, gilts should be vaccinated on arrival in the unit and subsequently at every weaning. Vaccination can also be used for growing animals in\u00a0a high challenge situation.<\/p>\n
Sows often get vaccinated as they are moved into the farrowing area and there is a risk that boars get forgotten for booster vaccinations and can then become infertile following infection for 6 to 8 weeks (A.Bassett, pers.comm).<\/p>\n
<\/a>The use of ginseng (the dry extract prepared from the Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer-root) as a co- adjuvant<\/a><\/span> has been shown to improve the antibody response of vaccination. Ginseng contains immunomodulators<\/a><\/span> named ginsenosides, which in the pig enhance the antibody response to viral and bacterial antigens (Rivera et al., 2003<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\nTreating Erysipelas<\/h4>\n
Antibiotic therapy is effective if treated early enough. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em> is very sensitive to penicillin (a narrow spectrum antibiotic) and this should be used early in an outbreak and under veterinary prescription. Long-acting penicillin is routinely used.<\/p>\n
- All<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>
- C<\/a><\/li>
- D<\/a><\/li>
- E<\/a><\/li>
- G<\/a><\/li>
- L<\/a><\/li>
- M<\/a><\/li>
- P<\/a><\/li>
- R<\/a><\/li>
- S<\/a><\/li>
- T<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>B<\/div>- Blue Ear Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>C<\/div>
- Clostridia<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li>
- Colibacillosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>D<\/div>- Diarrhea (Piglet)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>E<\/div>
- E. coli<\/a><\/li>
- Eimeria<\/a><\/li>
- Enteritis - Necrotic<\/a><\/li>
- Erysipelas<\/a><\/li>
- External Parasites<\/a><\/li>
- Edema Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>G<\/div>- Greasy Pig Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>L<\/div>
- Lice<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>M<\/div>
- Mange<\/a><\/li>
- Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>P<\/div>- Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- PEARS<\/a><\/li>
- Piglet Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- Pneumonia<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Epidemic Abortion and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Parvovirus<\/a><\/li>
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Post-weaning Diarrhea<\/a><\/li>
- PRRS<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>R<\/div>- Respiratory Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Ringworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>S<\/div>- Scours<\/a><\/li>
- SIRS<\/a><\/li>
- Skin conditions<\/a><\/li>
- Streptococcal Infections<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Swine Pox<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>T<\/div>- Tetanus<\/a><\/li>
- Ticks<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\nErysipelas in Pigs<\/h4>\n
Also known as:\u00a0Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
\nSwine erysipelas is a disease that is caused by the bacteria Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em>, which is a Gram<\/a><\/span> -positive rod-shaped facultative bacteria<\/a><\/span>. <\/em>Swine erysipelas is the most important infectious agent responsible for non-suppurative<\/a><\/span> joint disease in pigs world-wide (Johnston et al., 1987<\/a>). It is endemic<\/a><\/span> in most pig-producing areas, occurring in outbreaks in susceptible herds. Up to 50% of healthy pigs can carry the organism in their tonsils (Okolo, 1986<\/a>; Takahashi et al., 1987<\/a>). Erysipelothrix <\/em>infections have been reported in as many as 50 different species of animals, although the highest occurrence is found in domestic\u00a0pigs (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>). In sheep it has been implicated in cases of joint-ill<\/a>. Humans can also be infected with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em>; this zoonotic<\/a><\/span> <\/a>organism is an occupational pathogen <\/a><\/span> which is prevalent in those working with animals, or with animal products (Brooke and Riley, 1999<\/a>).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\nAbout Swine Erysipelas<\/a>
\nControl and Prevention<\/a>
\nErysipelas Vaccines<\/a>
\nTreatment Options<\/a>
\nGood Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/p>\n
<\/a>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em> bacteria can survive for long periods in the environment and in water. Water systems can become infected with the bacteria and be a source of disease.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span>The bacteria\u00a0are widespread in the environment and stress, husbandry methods, and intercurrent <\/a><\/span> disease are key risk factors. Establishment of infection occurs through regular contamination of damaged skin resulting from poorly constructed floors and cohabitation with other carrier species such as birds.<\/p>\n
Infection is characterized by acute<\/a><\/span> or sub-acute septicaemia<\/a><\/span> and chronic<\/a><\/span> lesions, usually arthritis or valvular endocarditis (heart condition with lesions in the heart valves). The speed of multiplication and the level of immunity in the pig determines the clinical symptoms.<\/p>\n
The most typical symptoms of acute septicaemia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0are high fever and distinctive skin lesions (“diamonds”). These lesions\u00a0may appear as early as 2 or 3 days after infection, however they do not appear in every clinical case, and their presence is\u00a0only indicative of erysipelas not conclusive. \u00a0The lesions\u00a0vary in size, from small 1\u20132 cm diamonds to 4\u20135 cm blotches, and color, from light pink and purple to an intensely red area with a white centre, appearing like targets on the skin. If the animal survives, typical lesions may disappear in about a 4\u20137 days if not complicated (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\n
Chronic<\/a><\/span> arthritis is manifested in lameness and swollen joints, most commonly the hock, stifle elbow and carpal joints (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>). Currently, chronic<\/a><\/span> arthritis is the most common form of the disease in the UK. Infertility can occur in affected sows (Martinez et al., 2008),\u00a0especially if they have clinical signs around mating\u00a0time.\u00a0Infections may cause abortion or influence stillbirth rate and litter size (Gertenbach and Bilkei, 2002<\/a>). Chronic heart valves lesions can cause unexpected mortality.<\/p>\n
<\/a>According to the EU regulation 854\/2004 for meat inspection, enforced in January 2006, any swine carcass affected by erysipelas must be destroyed and when pigs show erysipelas during ante-mortem inspection, the slaughtering must be defered, although the length of this period is not specified (Colavita et al., 2006<\/a>). Colavita et al<\/a> (2006) suggest that for cutaneous<\/a><\/span> erysipelas this period should be at least 15 days from disappearance of typical lesions for cutaneous<\/a><\/span> erysipelas, in order to guarantee a good level of safety of the meat and to reduce the hazard of occupational disease for veterinarians, abattoir workers and meat processors.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nControl and Prevention of Erysipelas<\/h4>\n
<\/a>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em>, the bacteria that causes swine erysipelas, is present on all if not most pig farms. A monitoring system should be in place in order to detect any cases should they appear.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span>Pigs, both carriers and acutely infected animals, are considered the main reservoir for Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae <\/em>in a herd. Soil or feces contamination or wildlife reservoir are considered insignificant as sources of infection (Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>). The pathogen has the ability to persist in the environment for long periods and can survive marine conditions (Brooke and Riley, 1999<\/a>).<\/p>\n
<\/a>Suckling piglets of an immune sow are usually resistant to the disease until the maternal immunity wanes. Similarly, older sows tend to be immune. There does not appear to be any genetic resistance to erysipelas. Other, concurrent infections, such as parasitic infestations or mycotoxins, or nutritional or environmental\/climatic changes have all been suggested as predisposing factors for an erysipelas outbreak (Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>), although\u00a0 the main risk factor for an outbreak is the introduction of a new animal into the herd.<\/p>\n
Swine Erysipelas Vaccines<\/h3>\n
Killed and inactivated vaccines are available and their use is advocated by some (Redhead et al., 1998;<\/a> Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>), while others express doubts about the efficacy of the vaccine (Chen et al., 1998<\/a>). It is generally accepted that the vaccines do not have much or any effect on the development of chronic erysipelas arthritis, and it has been suggested that the vaccination actually enhances the development of chronic erysipelas arthritis (Wood and Henderson, 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n
However vaccination is commonly used in the UK especially in the breeding herd. Examples are Porcilis Ery and Ery + Parvo, Eryseng Parvo (Hipra).\u00a0 Autogenous vaccine<\/a><\/span> is also an option if it can be proven that the commercial vaccinations are unsuitable for managing the on farm situation.\u00a0 Erysipelas vaccination needs to be repeated every 4-6 months.\u00a0 It is appropriate for sows and gilts throughout their lifetime.<\/p>\n
Vaccines\u00a0give a protective immunity for 4-6 months. If a vaccination program is used, gilts should be vaccinated on arrival in the unit and subsequently at every weaning. Vaccination can also be used for growing animals in\u00a0a high challenge situation.<\/p>\n
Sows often get vaccinated as they are moved into the farrowing area and there is a risk that boars get forgotten for booster vaccinations and can then become infertile following infection for 6 to 8 weeks (A.Bassett, pers.comm).<\/p>\n
<\/a>The use of ginseng (the dry extract prepared from the Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer-root) as a co- adjuvant<\/a><\/span> has been shown to improve the antibody response of vaccination. Ginseng contains immunomodulators<\/a><\/span> named ginsenosides, which in the pig enhance the antibody response to viral and bacterial antigens (Rivera et al., 2003<\/a>).<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nTreating Erysipelas<\/h4>\n
Antibiotic therapy is effective if treated early enough. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae<\/em> is very sensitive to penicillin (a narrow spectrum antibiotic) and this should be used early in an outbreak and under veterinary prescription. Long-acting penicillin is routinely used.<\/p>\n
- Ticks<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- SIRS<\/a><\/li>
- Ringworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- PEARS<\/a><\/li>
- Meningitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Mange<\/a><\/li>
- Lice<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Eimeria<\/a><\/li>
- E. coli<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis in Pigs<\/a><\/li>
- Clostridia<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>