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\n <\/a>\n <\/div><\/p>\nPoultry Diseases<\/h2><\/div>- All<\/a><\/li>
- A<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>
- C<\/a><\/li>
- D<\/a><\/li>
- E<\/a><\/li>
- F<\/a><\/li>
- G<\/a><\/li>
- H<\/a><\/li>
- I<\/a><\/li>
- M<\/a><\/li>
- N<\/a><\/li>
- O<\/a><\/li>
- P<\/a><\/li>
- R<\/a><\/li>
- S<\/a><\/li>
- T<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>A<\/div>
- Acute Death Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Aflatoxicosis<\/a><\/li>
- Ascites<\/a><\/li>
- Aspergillosis<\/a><\/li>
- Avian Mycoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>B<\/div>
- Blackhead<\/a><\/li>
- Bronchitis - Infectious<\/a><\/li>
- Bumblefoot<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>C<\/div>
- Calcium and Phosphorus Deficiency<\/a><\/li>
- Cannibalism<\/a><\/li>
- Chronic Respiratory Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li>
- Crop Impaction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>D<\/div>
- Dermanyssus gallinae<\/a><\/li>
- Duodenal Dropsy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>E<\/div>
- Eimeria in Chickens<\/a><\/li>
- Enterohepatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>F<\/div>
- Favus<\/a><\/li>
- Feather Pecking<\/a><\/li>
- Flip Over<\/a><\/li>
- Foot Burn<\/a><\/li>
- Foot Lesions<\/a><\/li>
- Footpad Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>G<\/div>
- Gapes<\/a><\/li>
- Gizzard Impaction<\/a><\/li>
- Grass Impaction<\/a><\/li>
- Gumboro<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>H<\/div>
- Helminthiasis<\/a><\/li>
- Histomoniasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>I<\/div>
- Infectious Bronchitis<\/a><\/li>
- Infectious Bursal Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Infectious Enterohepatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>M<\/div>
- Microsporum gypseum<\/a><\/li>
- Mites<\/a><\/li>
- Mycoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>N<\/div>
- Northern Fowl Mite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>O<\/div>
- Ornithonyssus sylvarum<\/a><\/li>
- Osteoporosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>P<\/div>
- Pododermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>R<\/div>
- Red Poultry Mite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>S<\/div>
- Scaly Leg Mite<\/a><\/li>
- Sudden Death Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Syngamus trachea<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>T<\/div>
- Trichophyton megninii<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens<\/h4>\n\nInfectious Bronchitis (IB) is an extremely contagious viral disease that affects chickens of all ages and types. The causative organism is a single stranded RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae<\/em> which predominantly affects chickens. It affects the upper respiratory tract, the female reproductive tract, and some strains cause nephritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0(Jackwood, 2012<\/a>). The virus predisposes the bird for secondary bacterial airway infections (Wickramasinghe et al., 2014<\/a>). Often it is characterized by coughing, sneezing and rales (rattling).<\/strong><\/p>\nDifferent serotypes<\/a><\/span> and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide, and for the most part do not cross protect\u00a0(<\/strong>Jackwood, 2012<\/a>). The virus is present in both commercial and backyard chickens. The recent discoveries of IBV and IBV-like strains in species of birds other than the chicken (Cavanagh, 2005<\/a>), such as geese, ducks, and pigeons, might also play a role in the spread of IBV strains over the world.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\nWhat are the Clinical Signs?<\/a>
\nControl and Prevention<\/a>
\nVaccination<\/a>
\nTreatment Options<\/a>
\nGood Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nSpecific IBV strains able to infect another bird species, especially if it is a migratory bird, spread more easily over long distances than strains that\u00a0do not replicate in that bird species (Wit et al., 2011<\/a>). The virus is shed via both the respiratory tract and feces, and can persist in the birds\u00a0intestinal tract for several weeks or months (Wit et al., 2011<\/a>). Surveillance and identification of IBV types is extremely important for control of the disease as new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to identify.<\/p>\n<\/a>Collectively the adverse effects make IB the biggest single cause of infectious disease-related economic loss in the United Kingdom, and probably in other countries that have a similar disease spectrum and control measures as in the UK (Cavanagh, 2007<\/a>)\u00a0IB costs the U.S. poultry industry millions of dollars annually and it remains one of the top research priorities for commercial poultry worldwide (Jackwood, 2009<\/a>).<\/p>\nThe disease spreads very rapidly, and all birds in an infected flock tend to become infected. The production losses from IB are greater than those from mortalities (Cavanagh and Nyaqi, 1997<\/a>). Annual mortalities recorded in the UK rarely reach more than 30% per annum (Bennett et al., 1999<\/a>). Recovered laying birds may never regain pre-infection production rates.<\/p>\nClinical Signs of Infectious Bronchitis<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n![\"chicks\"](\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/chicks-300x178.jpg\")
<\/a>Infectious Bronchitis is a global virus that\u00a0affects both commercial and backyard chickens, and it is often the young chicks who are most severely affected.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<\/span>Young chicks are most severely affected, although all age groups are susceptible. Typically, the disease results in respiratory signs such as coughing, sneezing and rattling and occasionally facial swelling in young chicks. These symptoms usually manifest 18-24 hours post-exposure and may last for about 2-3 weeks.<\/p>\n
In adult birds, feed consumption and egg production tend to decrease sharply. The disease may damage the reproductive tract and cause a reduction in egg production, with misshapen, ridged and thin soft eggs of poor internal quality.<\/p>\n
On post-mortem, catarrhal<\/a><\/span> lesions in the respiratory tract and, in some cases, lesions in the reproductive tract of infected adults can be seen. Air sacs may be thickened and cloudy.\u00a0 Although the clinical symptoms and histopathology<\/a><\/span> are suggestive of the disease, they may also be indicative of other respiratory pathogens. Detection of antibodies or demonstration of the virus in sera<\/a><\/span> or in embryonic culture provide diagnostic evidence. Detection of the virus is easiest during the early stages of infection.<\/p>\nThe disease is spread by droplet infection<\/a><\/span> through the air, from bird to bird. Although the frequency of airborne transmission is not known, there is some evidence of transmission over 1Km (cited by Cavanagh and Nyaqi, 1997<\/a>). The virus may also be spread by contaminated material and equipment, and via feces (Cavanagh, 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/a>There is also some evidence that point of lay may result in excretion of the virus, which may previously have been dormant in\u00a0a host bird. An association between the occurrence of infectious bronchitis and an increased risk of feather pecking<\/a>\u00a0in free-range systems has been identified although the direction of the association is unclear (Green et al., 2000<\/a>).<\/p>\nThere may also be a breed factor, with some heavier birds being more susceptible, though this may be related to the immune response (Cavanagh, 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\nControl and Prevention of Infectious Bronchitis<\/h4>\n
Prevention of IB, and other respiratory diseases, requires an environment that reduces potential damage to the respiratory tract. Prevention is best achieved through good management by creating draft free environments, good ventilation and optimal temperature. Of these, the most important requirement is good ventilation, which should provide oxygen, reduce the concentration of airborne pathogens, and remove excess moisture, toxic and harmful gases. The virus outside the body of the host is killed by disinfection under most farm conditions. Excessive environmental ammonia and sub-optimal brooding temperatures can increase the severity of the disease.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nVaccinating Against Infectious Bronchitis<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
- All<\/a><\/li>
- A<\/a><\/li>
- B<\/a><\/li>
- C<\/a><\/li>
- D<\/a><\/li>
- E<\/a><\/li>
- F<\/a><\/li>
- G<\/a><\/li>
- H<\/a><\/li>
- I<\/a><\/li>
- M<\/a><\/li>
- N<\/a><\/li>
- O<\/a><\/li>
- P<\/a><\/li>
- R<\/a><\/li>
- S<\/a><\/li>
- T<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>A<\/div>- Acute Death Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Aflatoxicosis<\/a><\/li>
- Ascites<\/a><\/li>
- Aspergillosis<\/a><\/li>
- Avian Mycoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>B<\/div>- Blackhead<\/a><\/li>
- Bronchitis - Infectious<\/a><\/li>
- Bumblefoot<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>C<\/div>- Calcium and Phosphorus Deficiency<\/a><\/li>
- Cannibalism<\/a><\/li>
- Chronic Respiratory Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li>
- Crop Impaction<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>D<\/div>- Dermanyssus gallinae<\/a><\/li>
- Duodenal Dropsy<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>E<\/div>- Eimeria in Chickens<\/a><\/li>
- Enterohepatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>F<\/div>- Favus<\/a><\/li>
- Feather Pecking<\/a><\/li>
- Flip Over<\/a><\/li>
- Foot Burn<\/a><\/li>
- Foot Lesions<\/a><\/li>
- Footpad Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>G<\/div>- Gapes<\/a><\/li>
- Gizzard Impaction<\/a><\/li>
- Grass Impaction<\/a><\/li>
- Gumboro<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>H<\/div>- Helminthiasis<\/a><\/li>
- Histomoniasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>I<\/div>- Infectious Bronchitis<\/a><\/li>
- Infectious Bursal Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Infectious Enterohepatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>M<\/div>- Microsporum gypseum<\/a><\/li>
- Mites<\/a><\/li>
- Mycoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>N<\/div>- Northern Fowl Mite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>O<\/div>
- Ornithonyssus sylvarum<\/a><\/li>
- Osteoporosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>P<\/div>- Pododermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>R<\/div>
- Red Poultry Mite<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>S<\/div>
- Scaly Leg Mite<\/a><\/li>
- Sudden Death Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Syngamus trachea<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
<\/div><\/div>T<\/div>- Trichophyton megninii<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n
Infectious Bronchitis in Chickens<\/h4>\n
\nInfectious Bronchitis (IB) is an extremely contagious viral disease that affects chickens of all ages and types. The causative organism is a single stranded RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae<\/em> which predominantly affects chickens. It affects the upper respiratory tract, the female reproductive tract, and some strains cause nephritis<\/a><\/span>\u00a0(Jackwood, 2012<\/a>). The virus predisposes the bird for secondary bacterial airway infections (Wickramasinghe et al., 2014<\/a>). Often it is characterized by coughing, sneezing and rales (rattling).<\/strong><\/p>\nDifferent serotypes<\/a><\/span> and genetic types of the virus have been identified worldwide, and for the most part do not cross protect\u00a0(<\/strong>Jackwood, 2012<\/a>). The virus is present in both commercial and backyard chickens. The recent discoveries of IBV and IBV-like strains in species of birds other than the chicken (Cavanagh, 2005<\/a>), such as geese, ducks, and pigeons, might also play a role in the spread of IBV strains over the world.<\/strong><\/p>\n
<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\nWhat are the Clinical Signs?<\/a>
\nControl and Prevention<\/a>
\nVaccination<\/a>
\nTreatment Options<\/a>
\nGood Practice<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\nSpecific IBV strains able to infect another bird species, especially if it is a migratory bird, spread more easily over long distances than strains that\u00a0do not replicate in that bird species (Wit et al., 2011<\/a>). The virus is shed via both the respiratory tract and feces, and can persist in the birds\u00a0intestinal tract for several weeks or months (Wit et al., 2011<\/a>). Surveillance and identification of IBV types is extremely important for control of the disease as new types of the virus continue to arise due to mutations and recombination events in the viral genome, making this virus difficult to identify.<\/p>\n
<\/a>Collectively the adverse effects make IB the biggest single cause of infectious disease-related economic loss in the United Kingdom, and probably in other countries that have a similar disease spectrum and control measures as in the UK (Cavanagh, 2007<\/a>)\u00a0IB costs the U.S. poultry industry millions of dollars annually and it remains one of the top research priorities for commercial poultry worldwide (Jackwood, 2009<\/a>).<\/p>\n
The disease spreads very rapidly, and all birds in an infected flock tend to become infected. The production losses from IB are greater than those from mortalities (Cavanagh and Nyaqi, 1997<\/a>). Annual mortalities recorded in the UK rarely reach more than 30% per annum (Bennett et al., 1999<\/a>). Recovered laying birds may never regain pre-infection production rates.<\/p>\n
Clinical Signs of Infectious Bronchitis<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
<\/a>Infectious Bronchitis is a global virus that\u00a0affects both commercial and backyard chickens, and it is often the young chicks who are most severely affected.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n
<\/span>Young chicks are most severely affected, although all age groups are susceptible. Typically, the disease results in respiratory signs such as coughing, sneezing and rattling and occasionally facial swelling in young chicks. These symptoms usually manifest 18-24 hours post-exposure and may last for about 2-3 weeks.<\/p>\n
In adult birds, feed consumption and egg production tend to decrease sharply. The disease may damage the reproductive tract and cause a reduction in egg production, with misshapen, ridged and thin soft eggs of poor internal quality.<\/p>\n
On post-mortem, catarrhal<\/a><\/span> lesions in the respiratory tract and, in some cases, lesions in the reproductive tract of infected adults can be seen. Air sacs may be thickened and cloudy.\u00a0 Although the clinical symptoms and histopathology<\/a><\/span> are suggestive of the disease, they may also be indicative of other respiratory pathogens. Detection of antibodies or demonstration of the virus in sera<\/a><\/span> or in embryonic culture provide diagnostic evidence. Detection of the virus is easiest during the early stages of infection.<\/p>\n
The disease is spread by droplet infection<\/a><\/span> through the air, from bird to bird. Although the frequency of airborne transmission is not known, there is some evidence of transmission over 1Km (cited by Cavanagh and Nyaqi, 1997<\/a>). The virus may also be spread by contaminated material and equipment, and via feces (Cavanagh, 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n
<\/a>There is also some evidence that point of lay may result in excretion of the virus, which may previously have been dormant in\u00a0a host bird. An association between the occurrence of infectious bronchitis and an increased risk of feather pecking<\/a>\u00a0in free-range systems has been identified although the direction of the association is unclear (Green et al., 2000<\/a>).<\/p>\n
There may also be a breed factor, with some heavier birds being more susceptible, though this may be related to the immune response (Cavanagh, 2007<\/a>).<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nControl and Prevention of Infectious Bronchitis<\/h4>\n
Prevention of IB, and other respiratory diseases, requires an environment that reduces potential damage to the respiratory tract. Prevention is best achieved through good management by creating draft free environments, good ventilation and optimal temperature. Of these, the most important requirement is good ventilation, which should provide oxygen, reduce the concentration of airborne pathogens, and remove excess moisture, toxic and harmful gases. The virus outside the body of the host is killed by disinfection under most farm conditions. Excessive environmental ammonia and sub-optimal brooding temperatures can increase the severity of the disease.<\/p>\n
<\/div>\nVaccinating Against Infectious Bronchitis<\/h4>\n
<\/p>\n
- Sudden Death Syndrome<\/a><\/li>
- Scaly Leg Mite<\/a><\/li>
- Red Poultry Mite<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Osteoporosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Ornithonyssus sylvarum<\/a><\/li>
- Mites<\/a><\/li>
- Infectious Bursal Disease<\/a><\/li>
- Histomoniasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Gizzard Impaction<\/a><\/li>
- Feather Pecking<\/a><\/li>
- Enterohepatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Duodenal Dropsy<\/a><\/li><\/ul>
- Cannibalism<\/a><\/li>
- Bronchitis - Infectious<\/a><\/li>
- Aflatoxicosis<\/a><\/li>
- A<\/a><\/li>
![\"Broilers](\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Broilers-drinking-300x200.jpg\")
<\/a>