{"id":7104,"date":"2015-10-27T13:28:10","date_gmt":"2015-10-27T13:28:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=7104"},"modified":"2016-06-15T13:06:30","modified_gmt":"2016-06-15T12:06:30","slug":"jaagsiekte","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/jaagsiekte\/","title":{"rendered":"Contagious Respiratory Tumors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/jaagsiekte\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Contagious Respiratory Tumors&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div> <h2>Sheep Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/acidosis-ruminal\/\">Acidosis - Ruminal<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/adenomatosis-pulmonary\/\">Adenomatosis - Pulmonary<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/arthritis-in-sheep\/\">Arthritis in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/barbers-pole-worm\/\">Barbers Pole Worm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/sheep-blowfly-strike\/\">Blowfly Strike<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/border-disease\/\">Border Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis-2\/\">Campylobacteriosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/chlamydial-abortion\/\">Chlamydial Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/circling-disease\/\">Circling Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency-in-sheep\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-lambs\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/coenurosis\/\">Coenurosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-ecthyma\/\">Contagious Ecthyma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-pustular-dermatitis\/\">Contagious Pustular Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-respiratory-tumours\/\">Contagious Respiratory Tumours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/copper-poisoning\/\">Copper Poisoning<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-lambs\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection-in-lambs\/\">E. coli infection in lambs<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/eimeria-in-sheep\/\">Eimeria in sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/encephalitis-listerial\/\">Encephalitis - Listerial<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/endoparasites-in-sheep\/\">Endoparasites in Sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/enzootic-abortion-in-ewes\/\">Enzootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica-in-sheep\/\">Fasciola<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/fly-strike\/\">Fly Strike<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/foot-abcess\/\">Foot Abcess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/foot-rot\/\">Foot Rot<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/granuloma\/\">Granuloma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/grass-staggers-in-sheep\/\">Grass Staggers in sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/hairy-shaker-lambs\/\">Hairy-shaker lambs<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia-in-sheep\/\">Hypomagnesemia in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/jaagsiekte\/\">Jaagsiekte<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/joint-ill-sheep\/\">Joint-ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/listeriosis-in-sheep\/\">Listeriosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/liver-fluke-sheep\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/louping-ill\/\">Louping-ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency-2\/\">Magnesium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/mange-psoroptic\/\">Mange - Psoroptic<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/myiasis\/\">Myiasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/orf\/\">Orf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia-in-sheep\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pulmonary-adenomatosis\/\">Pulmonary Adenomatosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/roundworm\/\">roundworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/roundworms-in-sheep\/\">Roundworms in Sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ruminal-acidosis\/\">Ruminal Acidosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/scab\/\">Scab<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/scald\/\">Scald<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/sheep-scab\/\">Sheep Scab<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/shelly-hoof\/\">Shelly Hoof<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/suppurative-polyarthritis\/\">Suppurative Polyarthritis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/taenia-multiceps\/\">Taenia multiceps<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/teladorsagia-circumcincta\/\">Teladorsagia circumcincta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/toxaemia\/\">Toxemia, Pregnancy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/toxoplasmosis\/\">Toxoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/trichostrongylus\/\">Trichostrongylus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/watery-mouth-disease\/\">Watery Mouth Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/white-line-separation\/\">White Line Separation<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/white-liver-disease\/\">White Liver Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/worms-in-sheep\/\">Worms in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<h4>Contagious Respiratory Tumors<\/h4>\n<p><strong><em>Also known as: Jaagsiekte, Pulmonary Adenomatosis and Adenomatosis &#8211; Pulmonary<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7150\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/sheep-on-a-hill.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7150\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7150\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/sheep-on-a-hill-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Breed does not appear to influence the infectivity rate or outcome of contagious respiratory tumour.\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/sheep-on-a-hill-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/sheep-on-a-hill-60x60.jpg 60w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/sheep-on-a-hill.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7150\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Breed does not appear to influence the\u00a0incidence or outcome of contagious respiratory tumor. Unfortunately, this fatal disease is present in most sheep rearing countries worldwide.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>There are two <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"From the word 'neoplasm' which is the abnormal growth of tissues, i.e., tumor formation\">neoplastic<\/a><\/span> conditions which result in contagious respiratory tumors (or contagious lung cancer) in small ruminants:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#opa\">Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma<\/a> (also known as ODA, Sheep Pulmonary Adenomatosis, SPA, Jaagsiekte, pulmonary carcinoma)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"#ena\">Enzootic Nasal Adenocarcnoma<\/a> (also referred to as ENA, Enzootic Nasal Tumor)<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Both conditions are highly contagious, have major welfare implications and are caused by two distinct but closely related betaretroviruses. OPA is caused by the oncogenic betaretrovirus, jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) (<a href=\"#ref\">De las Heras<em> et al<\/em>., 2003<\/a>), and ENA is caused by Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus (ENTV). OPA affects mainly sheep, but there are occasional reports in goats (<a href=\"#ref\">Sharp and De las Heras, 2007<\/a>). ENA affects both sheep and goats, sub-species ENTV-1 infects sheep, and ENTV-2 infects goats. <a id=\"opa\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>OPA is a problem to the sheep industry worldwide, except in Australia, New Zealand and Iceland (<a href=\"#ref\">Cousens <em>et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>). ENA is also a global issue but appears to be absent in Britain, Australia and New Zealand (<a href=\"#ref\">Sharp and De las Heras, 2007<\/a>). In both conditions tumors arise from secretory epithelial cells that retain their secretory function after transformation (<a href=\"#ref\">Salvatori <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>). It is thought the tumor tissue reactivates latent herpes virus as a result of immunosuppression (<a href=\"#ref\">Myer <em>et al<\/em>., 1988<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma<\/h3>\n<div class=\"two_third\">Tumor tissue and lung fluid containing JSRV is highly contagious. The period between infection and the appearance of clinical signs may take several months, and many JSRV-infected sheep do not exhibit clinical signs at all during their lifespan (<a href=\"#ref\">Griffiths <em>et al<\/em>., 2010<\/a>). This allows JSRV to spread within and between flocks undetected. There is no evidence of sex or breed susceptibility.<\/p>\n<p>JSRV infection can occur <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"During pregnancy\">perinatally<\/a><\/span> or in the first few months of life in lambs and in adult sheep. Recently it has been demonstrated that age at infection has an effect on the development of OPA, and that resistance to disease increases with age (<a href=\"#ref\">Salvatori <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>).\u00a0The most common age bracket of sheep to show clinical signs is 3-4 years of age (<a href=\"#ref\">Scott<em> et al.,<\/em> 2013<\/a>), when seen in sheep younger than this, it may be as progeny of a dam with advanced clinical disease.<\/p>\n<p>Clinical signs are those of progressive respiratory illness, <strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">exercise intolerance,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>loss of weight despite good appetite and often overproduction of fluid in the lungs which may flow from the nostrils when the head is lowered (<a href=\"#ref\">De las Heras <em>et al<\/em>., 2003<\/a>). Some experts recommend the wheelbarrow test (to test for the disease, however it is not definitive).<\/p>\n<p>Respiratory problems are most obvious after exercise, often associated with noticeable movement of the abdominal wall and high-pitched and moist sounds. Death from ODA inevitably occurs, often suddenly, and frequently complicated by secondary bacterial infection such as <em>pasteurella hemolytica<\/em> pneumonia (<a href=\"#ref\">Cousens<em> et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Myer <em>et al.<\/em>, 1988<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-3\"> <strong>The \u2018Wheelbarrow\u2019 test<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Elevate the hind quarters above the head and chest; leakage of between a few millimetres and up to half a litre of clear white, or frothy virus-laden fluid pours from the nostrils.<br \/>\nThis method is not definitive in diagnosing ODA infection as unfortunately early cases do not appear to produce enough fluid to be detected by the wheelbarrow test, and even in severely infected sheep, production of fluid is inconsistent (<a href=\"#ref\">Cousens <em>et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>).<\/strong> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"two_third\">In classical forms <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"From the word 'neoplasm' which is the abnormal growth of tissues, i.e., tumor formation\">neoplastic<\/a><\/span> lesions occurs particularly in the cranioventral parts of all lung lobes. They are diffuse or nodular, light grey or light purple in colour. On the cut surface the tumor is moist, and frothy fluid may pour from the airways on slight pressure. Atypical forms tend to be more nodular in both early and advanced tumors. They are pearly white in colour, very hard in consistency, very well demarcated from the surrounding parenchyma and their surface is dry (<a href=\"#ref\">De las Heras<em> et al<\/em>., 2003<\/a>). <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The act of listening, either directly or through a stethoscope or other instrument, to sounds within the body as a method of diagnosis\">Auscultation<\/a><\/span><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0can assist diagnosis in the later stages of chronic disease, when crackles are heard due to fluid <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">accumulation<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the airways (Scott <em>et al.,<\/em> 2013). Other lung pathology may also be present including <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The formation or development of an abscess \">abscessation<\/a><\/span> and <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Inflammation of the sheet-like layers that cover the lungs (the pleura)\">pleurisy<\/a><\/span>. \u00a0Radiography and ultrasonography can also assist in diagnosis.<\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n      <div class=\"video-wrapper\">\n        <div class=\"video-container\">\n          <iframe src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/esdLbmR4tOI?rel=0&theme=dark\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p><a id=\"ena\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1\"><strong>OPA was first described in South Africa in the early 19<sup>th<\/sup> century, where it was called Jaagsiekte, which in Afrikaans means \u2018chasing sickness\u2019 because the affected sheep have the appearance of being chased (<a href=\"#ref\">Griffiths et al., 2010<\/a>).<\/strong><\/div>\n<h3>Enzootic Nasal Adenomatosis<\/h3>\n<p>In ENA, tumors can arise in the nose bilaterally, or unilaterally. ENA is contagious and spread via the respiratory secretions. Clinical signs include copious nasal secretions, open mouthed breathing, <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Shortness of breath, or abnormal breathing\">dyspnoea <\/a><\/span> and facial asymmetry (<a href=\"#ref\">Walsh et al., 2013<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_7125\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/OPA-2-from-nadis.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7125\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-7125\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/OPA-2-from-nadis-300x236.jpg\" alt=\"Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma causes a virus-induced tumour, which is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the lung tissues (the grey \/ purple zone). This image is from www.bushhousevetgroup.co.uk\" width=\"300\" height=\"236\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/OPA-2-from-nadis-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/OPA-2-from-nadis.jpg 947w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-7125\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma causes a virus-induced tumor, which is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the lung tissues (the grey \/ purple zone). This image is from www.bushhousevetgroup.co.uk<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>How are Contagious Respiratory Tumors Spread?<\/h3>\n<p>Contagious respiratory tumors are transmissible via the respiratory route (<a href=\"#ref\">Sharp <em>et al.<\/em>, 1983<\/a>), by coughing, sneezing and perhaps breathing near susceptible sheep. It is likely that infected animals excrete the virus long before they show clinical signs. Housing sheep, together with trough feeding and watering, will increase the spread of the disease. Bought-in sheep are usually the source of infection.<\/p>\n<h4>Control and Prevention of Contagious Respiratory Tumors<\/h4>\n<p>Control is difficult as early detection is essential in preventing the spread of the disease within and between flocks (<a href=\"#ref\">Cousens <em>et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>). However, an effective method for controlling the spread of JSRV or ENAV has yet to be developed. The absence of an immunological response to JSRV in infected animals makes it difficult to devise an effective diagnostic test. <strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a PCR test available that is highly sensitive in lab tests, but consistently fails to pick up cases in the field other than late stage, overtly clinical presentations.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>Due to this, and the fact that there is no treatment for contagious respiratory tumors, control should be based on regular inspection of adult sheep in affected flocks. In closed flocks the chances of the flock becoming infected are lower. Any sheep showing loss of weight and respiratory disease should be isolated and veterinary advice sought. The affected animals should be culled immediately to prevent further spread of the disease. <\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0 20px 0 !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Treating Contagious Respiratory Tumors<\/h4>\n<p>There is no treatment for contagious respiratory tumors and affected animals should be humanely destroyed. <\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:20px 0 20px 0 !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Maintain a closed flock is the best way to prevent contagious respiratory tumor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In endemic flocks eradication of the disease should be part of the overall <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/veterinary-questions\/animal-health-planning\/\">health plan<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Animals should be regularly inspected and any suspected cases isolated<\/li>\n<li>Veterinary advice should be sought<\/li>\n<li>Where possible, stocking rates should be lowered and housing avoided to minimize transmission<\/li>\n<li>Humanely destroy affected animals<\/li>\n<li>In the case of small flocks it may be better to replace the entire flock<\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Source animals from OPA free flocks where possible, but with the absence of suitable commercially available tests this can be\u00a0difficult<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\">Contagious Respiratory Tumours References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-94febf2e0a5196669376dcf9220f93df\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">5W9QGDQR<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" 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