{"id":7418,"date":"2015-11-19T16:59:55","date_gmt":"2015-11-19T16:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=7418"},"modified":"2016-06-13T14:39:53","modified_gmt":"2016-06-13T13:39:53","slug":"post-partum-conditions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/post-partum-conditions\/","title":{"rendered":"Post-Partum Conditions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/post-partum-conditions\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Post-Partum Conditions&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Cattle Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_D\" href=\"#\">D<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_I\" href=\"#\">I<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_U\" href=\"#\">U<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_V\" href=\"#\">V<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abomasal-displacement\/\">Abomasal Displacement<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/abortion\/\">Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/acetonaemia\/\">Acetonemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinobacillosis\/\">Actinobacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/actinomycosis\/\">Actinomycosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/allergic-dermatitis\/\">Allergic Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/blackleg\/\">Blackleg<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bloat\/\">Bloat<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/botulism\/\">Botulism<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-fasciolosis\/\">Bovine Fasciolosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-herpes-1\/\">Bovine Herpes-1<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-spongiform-encephalopathy\/\">Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-tuberculosis\/\">Bovine Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bovine-viral-diarrhoea\/\">Bovine Viral Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/brucellosis\/\">Brucellosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bse\/\">BSE<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/bvd\/\">BVD<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calcium-deficiency\/\">Calcium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-diarrhoea\/\">Calf Diarrhea<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/calf-pneumonia\/\">Calf Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis\/\">Campylobacteriosis\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical Necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/clostridial-disease\/\">Clostridial Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/colibacillosis\/\">Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/conjunctivitis\/\">Conjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/copper-deficiency\/\">Copper Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/coronavirus\/\">Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-cattle\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_D'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_D'>D<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatitis\/\">Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dermatophytosis\/\">Dermatophytosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/dictyocaulus-viviparus\/\">Dictyocaulus viviparus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/digital-dermatitis\/\">Digital Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection\/\">E. coli infection<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/eimeria\/\">Eimeria<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/endoparasites\/\">Endoparasites<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/enzootic-pneumonia\/\">Enzootic Pneumonia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/epizootic-abortion\/\">Epizootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/etec\/\">ETEC<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica\/\">Fasciola hepatica<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fat-cow-syndrome\/\">Fat Cow Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/flabby-bag\/\">Flabby Bag<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/foul-in-the-foot\/\">Foul-in-the-foot<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/fungal-abortion\/\">Fungal Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-staggers\/\">Grass Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/grass-tetany\/\">Grass Tetany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hock-damage\/\">Hock Damage<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/husk\/\">Husk<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hygroma\/\">Hygroma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocalcaemia\/\">Hypocalcaemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypocupraemia\/\">Hypocupremia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypoglycaemia\/\">Hypoglycemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia\/\">Hypomagnesemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_I'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_I'>I<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ibr\/\">IBR<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/infectious-bovine-rhinotracheitis\/\">Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/johnes-disease\/\">Johne's Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/joint-ill\/\">Joint Ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/keratoconjunctivitis\/\">Keratoconjunctivitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lactation-tetany\/\">Lactation Tetany<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/laminitis\/\">Laminitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lda\/\">LDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/leptospirosis\/\">Leptospirosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/listerial-encephalitis\/\">Listerial Encephalitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/liver-fluke\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lumpy-jaw\/\">Lumpy Jaw<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/lungworm\/\">Lungworm<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mad-cow-disease\/\">Mad Cow Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency\/\">Magnesium Deficiency\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/malignant-oedema\/\">Malignant Edema<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mange\/\">Mange<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mastitis\/\">Mastitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/metritis\/\">Metritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-drop-syndrome\/\">Milk Drop Syndrome<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/milk-fever\/\">Milk Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mucosal-disease\/\">Mucosal Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/muscular-dystrophy\/\">Muscular Dystrophy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-johnei\/\">Mycobacterium johnei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycobacterium-paratuberculosis\/\">Mycobacterium Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/mycotic-abortion\/\">Mycotic Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/myopathy\/\">Myopathy<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/neospora-caninum\/\">Neospora caninum\u00a0<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/new-forest-eye\/\">New Forest Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/nutritional-myodegeneration\/\">Nutritional Myodegeneration<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ostertagia\/\">Ostertagia ostertagi<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-bronchitis\/\">Parasitic Bronchitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/paratuberculosis\/\">Paratuberculosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pasteurellosis\/\">Pasteurellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/periparturient-paresis\/\">Periparturient Paresis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pink-eye\/\">Pink Eye<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/post-partum-conditions\/\">Post-partum conditions<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rda\/\">RDA<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/retained-placenta\/\">Retained placenta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ringworm\/\">Ringworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/rotavirus-and-coronavirus\/\">Rotavirus and Coronavirus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/roundworms\/\">Roundworms<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/ruminal-tymphany\/\">Ruminal Tymphany<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/salmonellosis\/\">Salmonellosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sarcoptes-scabiei\/\">Sarcoptes scabiei<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/scours\/\">Scours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/selenium-deficiency\/\">Selenium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septic-arthritis\/\">Septic Arthritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/septicaemic-colibacillosis\/\">Septicemic Colibacillosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/shipping-fever\/\">Shipping Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/slurry-heel\/\">Slurry Heel<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/sole-ulcer\/\">Sole Ulcer<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/staggers\/\">Staggers<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/super-foul\/\">Super Foul<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tb\/\">TB<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tetanus\/\">Tetanus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/transit-fever\/\">Transit Fever<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/trichomoniasis\/\">Trichomoniasis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/tuberculosis\/\">Tuberculosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_U'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_U'>U<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/udder-inflammation\/\">Udder Inflammation<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_V'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_V'>V<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-b12-deficiency\/\">Vitamin B12 Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/vitamin-e-deficiency\/\">Vitamin E Deficiency<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-line-abscess\/\">White Line Abscess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/white-muscle-disease\/\">White Muscle Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/wooden-tongue\/\">Wooden Tongue<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/cattle-diseases\/\/worms\/\">Worms<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<h4>Post-partum Conditions\u00a0in Cattle<\/h4>\n<p><em><strong>Includes the following conditions: Metritis, Endometritis, Pyometra<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div class=\"two_third\">\n<strong>After calving, the cow\u2019s reproductive tract needs to\u00a0recover both physically and physiologically, in order to resume cycling and become ready for the next pregnancy. However, a number of problems can occur during this period and these are often termed post-partum conditions.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Post-partum problems are often inter-linked and can be the result of nutritional, breeding, management and environmental factors acting to compromise the cow\u2019s\u00a0<a id=\"metritis\"><\/a>ability to withstand disease. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">Retained fetal membranes (RFM)<\/a> are often associated with subsequent uterine infections, although infections can readily occur in the absence of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">RFM<\/a>. Microbial contamination of the reproductive tract at and just after\u00a0<span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The action of giving birth\">parturition<\/a><\/span> can be considered to be a normal feature, with infection eliminated by the cow\u2019s own immune defense mechanisms and not causing a severe problem (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2006<\/a>). However, in some cases, infection overwhelms the cow\u2019s ability to respond and a number of conditions may occur. Post-partum conditions can cause low conception rates both in the first-lactation and in older cows and\u00a0negatively impacts on the proportion of pregnant cows at 300 days (<a href=\"#ref\">Toni <em>et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>).<\/strong>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_third last\">\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What Causes Metritis?\" href=\"#metritis\">What Causes Metritis?<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What Causes Endometritis?\" href=\"#endometritis\">What Causes Endometritis?<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What Causes Pyometra?\" href=\"#pyometra\">What Causes Pyometra?<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Control and Prevention\" href=\"#control_prevention\">Control and Prevention<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What are the treatment options?\" href=\"#treatment\">Treatment Options<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"What about Welfare?\" href=\"#welfare\">What about Welfare?<\/a><br \/>\n<a class=\"button medium alternative-1\" title=\"Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge\" href=\"#good_practice\">Good Practise<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<h3>Metritis<\/h3>\n<p>Metritis, simply put, is inflammation of the uterus. <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"An acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and\/or a short course\">Acute<\/a><\/span> <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Relating to birth\">puerperal<\/a><\/span> metritis is relatively uncommon and is defined as <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"An acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and\/or a short course\">acute<\/a><\/span> inflammatory changes in the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The membrane that lines the uterus\">endometrium<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Smooth muscle that forms the wall of the uterus\">myometrium<\/a><\/span> and peritoneal (outer) layers of the uterus within 10 days of calving (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2006<\/a>). It is either due to an excessive bacterial challenge (often associated with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">RFM<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/abortion\/\">infectious abortion<\/a>, dystocia which required assistance or dirty calving <a id=\"endometritis\"><\/a>equipment) or due to a reduced ability of the cow\u2019s defense mechanism to clear infection (concurrent disease such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/milk-fever\/\">milk fever <\/a>or dystocia) (<a href=\"#ref\">Bruun <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Fleischer <em>et al<\/em>., 2001<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2006<\/a>). Should the bacteria load become too great, toxins produced can lead to <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Presence of bacterial toxins in the blood\">toxemia<\/a><\/span>, <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Blood poisoning caused by pathogenic organisms in the blood circulation\">septicemia<\/a><\/span> \u00a0and shock, with the condition rapidly progressing in severity.\u00a0 This can be fatal unless cows are rapidly and intensively treated by a veterinary surgeon.<\/p>\n<p>Cows with metritis will appear dull, may be <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Raised body temperature\">pyrexic<\/a><\/span> or have a sub-normal temperature, anorexic and dehydrated and may have a foul-smelling vaginal discharge.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#treatment_metritis\" target=\"_self\" class=\" button gray, medium\" rel=\"slides[buttonlightbox]\">Click here to read about the treatment of metritis<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Endometritis<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4513\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/shutterstock_82052353sm.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4513\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4513\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/shutterstock_82052353sm-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Mother and recently born calf\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/shutterstock_82052353sm-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/shutterstock_82052353sm.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4513\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>It is good practice to examine all\u00a0cows 14 &#8211; 28 days after calving for signs of post-partum conditions<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>The most common form of uterine inflammation is a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A long-lasting disease or condition\">chronic<\/a><\/span> form that is often called endometritis (also known as &#8220;whites&#8221; or &#8220;dirty cows&#8221;). Endometritis is defined as inflammation of the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The membrane that lines the uterus\">endometrium<\/a><\/span> only and is seen from 3 weeks after calving and up to three months of lactation when various levels of uterine discharge can be observed, particularly when the cow is in heat and the uterine cervix opens up. While the affected cows are seldom severely ill as a result of endometritis, the condition is considered important as it results in poor conception rates and prolongs the inter-calving intervals. The incidence of endometritis varies, but in a recent study, <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Stage of disease before clinical symptoms are observed\">sub-clinical<\/a><\/span> endometritis was found in 26% of cattle in a herd (<a href=\"#ref\">Carneiro <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>), although it can vary with season with highest incidence in winter (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The causes of endometritis are similar to those that increase the incidence of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">retained placenta<\/a> in a herd, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">retained placenta<\/a> itself, poor calving hygiene, difficult or abnormal calvings, overfat cows and calves born dead. Excessive weight loss after calving (negative energy balance) has also been associated with dirty cows, and indeed, the risk factors for endometritis are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/hypocalcaemia\/\">hypocalcemia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">RFM<\/a>, high triacylglycerol and <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Non-esterified fatty acids\">NEFA<\/a><\/span> (<a href=\"#ref\">Roche, 2006<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>Uterine bacterial contamination affects fertility due to disruption of the normal <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"Pertaining to hormones and the glands that make and secrete them\">endocrine<\/a><\/span> control (hypothalamic-pituitary axis) of ovarian activity, disruption of follicular development and prevention of establishment of pregnancy by the presence of pathogenic organisms in the uterus (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>). Cows with uterine disease\u00a0may take longer to get pregnant, are less likely to conceive and thus are more likely to be repeat breeders and are 1.7 times more likely to be culled for reproductive failure (<a href=\"#ref\">Fourichon <em>et al<\/em>., 2000<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Gilbert <em>et al<\/em>., 2005<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">LeBlanc <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>). <a href=\"#ref\">Duboc et al. (2011)<\/a> found yield reductions in multiparous, but not primiparous cows of 198 US gallons\u00a0per lactation due to retained placenta and 68 US gallons\u00a0due to metritis.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"pyometra\"><\/a>Cows with endometritis usually have an obvious vaginal discharge, although this is not always the case and some cases may be missed by the farmer, which is why a post-partum check of ALL cows at 2-3 weeks after calving is a good practice on problem farms, while checking all problem cows (dead calf, assisted calving, milk fever, twins) should be done on all farms. The severity of endometritis can be graded based on the vaginal discharge smell, character (amount of pus and or mucus) and the uterine and cervical diameter (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>). It has been reported that the presence of a foul smell correlates well with the growth density of bacteria and levels of acute phase proteins which indicate inflammation (<a href=\"#ref\">Williams <em>et al<\/em>., 2005<\/a>). This may aid in decision making regarding treatment and also the prognosis and requirement for re-examination by a veterinary surgeon as more severe cases are less likely to resume normal ovarian function (<a href=\"#ref\">Mateus <em>et al<\/em>., 2003<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#treatment_endometritis\" target=\"_self\" class=\" button gray, medium\" rel=\"slides[buttonlightbox]\">Click here to read about the treatment of endometritis<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Pyometra<\/h3>\n<p><a id=\"control_prevention\"><\/a>Pyometra is defined as an accumulation of pus in the uterus and by the persistence of a functional <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A hormone secreting structure in the ovary that forms after an egg has been discharged and usually degenerates a few days after unless the egg is fertilised\">corpus luteum<\/a><\/span> (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al.<\/em>, 2004<\/a>). Pyometra is often due to <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A long-lasting disease or condition\">chronic<\/a><\/span> endometritis with the normal cycling of the cow disrupted by the presence of infection in the uterus. Affected cows do not appear ill but may be presented as not seen in heat. There will be an obviously enlarged, doughy uterus, which may potentially be mistaken as a pregnancy but if ultrasound scanned will show a content of pus rather than fetus and fetal fluids.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"#treatment_pyometra\" target=\"_self\" class=\" button gray, medium\" rel=\"slides[buttonlightbox]\">Click here to read about the treatment of pyometra<\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Preventing and Controlling Post-partum Infections<\/h4>\n<p><span class=\"responsive\"><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_4541\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Picture1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4541\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-4541\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Picture1-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Calf in dirty pen\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Picture1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Picture1-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/09\/Picture1.jpg 1087w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-4541\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>To minimize infection calving pens should be kept as clean as possible with fresh bedding. Also if calving assistance is needed this should be carried out hygienically.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><\/span>The control of post-partum infection focuses on the main causes of the condition. Controlling the incidence of retained placenta will have a direct effect on the levels of endometritis. Improved hygiene in calving boxes and calving assistance are also likely to reduce the occurrence of endometritis- especially in herds where hygiene has been poor.<\/p>\n<p>Equally important risk factors for endometritis are <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/hypocalcaemia\/\">hypocalcemia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/retained-placenta\/\">RFM<\/a>, high triacylglycerol and NEFA, therefore, ensuring correct nutritional management both pre and post-calving is important (<a href=\"#ref\">Roche, 2006<\/a>). Ensure cows are not over fat at the time of calving and that excessive weight isn\u2019t lost in the\u00a0pre or\u00a0post-calving period (<a href=\"#ref\">Blowey, 1999<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"treatment_metritis\"><\/a>Vitamin E or prostaglandin injections could be used on a short-term basis as part of a concentrated effort to improve the situation in the herd, once all other management changes have been exhausted. The use of some homeopathic remedies such as series of varied treatments with <em>Lachesis compositum<\/em> (Lachesis), <em>Carduus compositum<\/em> (Carduus), and <em>Traumeel LT<\/em> (Traumeel) as prophylaxis to prevent of endometritis has shown to be ineffective (<a href=\"#ref\">Arlt <em>et al<\/em>., 2009<\/a>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:30px 0 20px 0 !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Treating Post-partum Conditions<\/h4>\n<h3>Treating Metritis<\/h3>\n<p><a id=\"treatment_endometritis\"><\/a>Cows with <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"An acute disease is a disease with a rapid onset and\/or a short course\">acute<\/a><\/span> metritis should\u00a0be seen by a veterinary surgeon. They require treatment with antibiotics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS) to counter pain, inflammation and bacterial <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A toxin present inside a bacterial cell that is released when it disintegrates.\">endotoxins<\/a><\/span> and fluid therapy (either oral or intra-venous).\u00a0 Cows should be nursed carefully in a well bedded box with special care taken that she does not develop <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/mastitis\/\">mastitis<\/a>. The prognosis for cows with metritis must be guarded. Systemic treatment with antimicrobials has been reported to be as effective as combined systemic and local antimicrobial therapy in these cases (Drillich <em>et al<\/em>., 2001).\u00a0Recently ampicillin has been shown to be as effective as ceftiofur in treating metritis, reducing the need for critically important antibiotics (<a href=\"#ref\">Lima <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h3>Treating Endometritis<\/h3>\n<p>It has been shown that early treatment of endometritis leads to better conception rates and shorter calving intervals in herds that suffer from the condition. Treatment success rates are higher for mild cases compared to more severe cases and those with a foul-smelling odor (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>). Intra-uterine pessaries (either antibiotic or herbal) are a\u00a0common treatment for the condition. If intra-uterine antimicrobials are to be used it should be considered that at less than 30 days post-partum, penicillin may be rendered ineffective due to the presence of bacteria which produce penicillinase (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>). Both oxytetracycline and cephalosporins are broad spectrum antibiotics and effective in the uterine environment and should be considered as the drugs of choice (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon et al., 2004<\/a>). Use of cephapirin in cows with endometritis 3-6 weeks before breeding has been shown to improve fertility (<a href=\"#ref\">McDougall, 2001<\/a>).\u00a0Alternatively, uterine infusions with 2% povidone iodine have shown to be an effective non-antibiotic alternative (<a href=\"#ref\">Mido<em> et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>In some cases, prostaglandin (PGF) injections may prove useful. The effectiveness of PGF improves if there is a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A hormone secreting structure in the ovary that forms after an egg has been discharged and usually degenerates a few days after unless the egg is fertilized\">corpus luteum<\/a><\/span> present and, although it may help in cases without a <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"A hormone secreting structure in the ovary that forms after an egg has been discharged and usually degenerates a few days after unless the egg is fertilized\">corpus luteum<\/a><\/span> due to its direct effect on the myometrium, there may be some later impacts on pregnancy rate (<a href=\"#ref\">Blowey, 1999<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">LeBlanc <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>). There appears to be no advantage to using intra-uterine cephalosporin rather than prostaglandin in terms of subsequent reproductive performance (<a href=\"#ref\">Kasimanickam <em>et al<\/em>., 2006<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Laven, 2003<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"treatment_pyometra\"><\/a>Gentle flushing of large quantities (several liters) of warmed saline into the uterus and subsequent siphoning may help remove some of the uterine content, although this has not been extensively validated (<a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>). Administration of a variety of antiseptic solutions has been reported, although the success is not well documented and may be counterproductive in some cases (<a href=\"#ref\">Brooks, 2000<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Sheldon <em>et al<\/em>., 2004<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>There appears to be no clear protocol for treatment of endometritis (<a href=\"#ref\">LeBlanc <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>) and treatment should probably be assessed on an individual basis by the farm\u2019s veterinary surgeon and reserved for those cows with more severe clinical signs more than 4 weeks after calving.<\/p>\n<h3>Treating Pyometra<\/h3>\n<p><a id=\"welfare\"><\/a>Treatment of pyometra is best achieved by a veterinary surgeon administering prostaglandin, which allows the cow to \u2018open up\u2019 and discharge the infected material (<a href=\"#ref\">Blowey, 1999<\/a>). It should always be verified that the cows is not pregnant before giving prostaglandin, as a pregnant cow will abort.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:30px 0 20px 0 !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Post-partum Conditions and Welfare<\/h4>\n<p><a id=\"good_practice\"><\/a>Metritis is a painful condition (<a href=\"#ref\">Stojkov <em>et al<\/em>., 2015<\/a>) and therefore preventative steps should be taken in order to minimize incidence. However, there are no major welfare considerations associated with the chronic condition itself, but high culling rates for &#8220;barren&#8221; cows due to chronic metritis should be avoided by improved control and therapy. High culling rates for endometritis may reflect on suboptimal hygiene and health in the <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The period before and after birth\">periparturient<\/a><\/span> period.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hr hr3\" style='margin:30px 0 20px 0 !important;'><\/div>\n<h4>Good Practice Based on Current Knowledge<\/h4>\n<p>Routine fertility visits are very useful and can be used to diagnose endometritis early. Ideally routine fertility monitoring should be part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/veterinary-questions\/animal-health-planning\/\">Herd Health Plan<\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Any cow that is sick immediately after calving should be seen as soon as possible by a veterinary surgeon<\/li>\n<li>All cows should be examined 14-28 days after calving by a veterinary surgeon and cows with endometritis should be treated immediately<\/li>\n<li>Record carefully all cases of <span class=\"tooltips\"><a href=\"#\" rel=\"tooltip\" title=\"The period immediately after birth\">postpartum<\/a><\/span> disease, noting details about the cow&#8217;s other symptoms or problems<\/li>\n<li>Assess the situation after each calving season and decide whether there is a clear underlying cause for the occurrence of endometritis in the herd<\/li>\n<li>Avoid over fat cows at calving (condition score 2.5-3 at drying off and at calving)<\/li>\n<li>Prevent clinical and subclinical milk fever<\/li>\n<li>Maintain good calving box and calving assistance hygiene<\/li>\n<li>Avoid excessive weight loss in cows after calving<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\">Post-partum Conditions References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-d5de69b610d8d8c30152fe678fd7d71d\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">VN8JT4JJ<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEM_TYPE\" style=\"display: none;\">items<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE\" style=\"display: none;\">apa<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT\" style=\"display: none;\">0<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY\" style=\"display: none;\">author<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER\" style=\"display: none;\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID\" style=\"display: none;\">7418<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL\" style=\"display:none;\">https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":4250,"parent":724,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7418"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7418"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7418\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12005,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7418\/revisions\/12005"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/724"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7418"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}