{"id":8837,"date":"2016-03-04T13:13:46","date_gmt":"2016-03-04T13:13:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/?page_id=8837"},"modified":"2016-04-18T12:12:46","modified_gmt":"2016-04-18T11:12:46","slug":"sheep-blowfly-strike","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/sheep-blowfly-strike\/","title":{"rendered":"Sheep Blowfly Strike"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignright\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/sheep-blowfly-strike\/?pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"pfTrackEvent(&#039;Sheep Blowfly Strike&#039;); return false;\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"pf-button-img\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.printfriendly.com\/buttons\/printfriendly-pdf-email-button-notext.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" style=\"width: 110px;height: 30px;\"  \/>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div><\/p>\n<h2>Sheep Diseases<\/h2><div id=\"gticontainer\"><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><div id=\"gti_letterindex\"><ul><li><a href=\"#gti_all\">All<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_A\" href=\"#\">A<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_B\" href=\"#\">B<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_C\" href=\"#\">C<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_E\" href=\"#\">E<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_F\" href=\"#\">F<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_G\" href=\"#\">G<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_H\" href=\"#\">H<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_J\" href=\"#\">J<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_K\" href=\"#\">K<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_L\" href=\"#\">L<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_M\" href=\"#\">M<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_N\" href=\"#\">N<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_O\" href=\"#\">O<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_P\" href=\"#\">P<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_R\" href=\"#\">R<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_S\" href=\"#\">S<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_T\" href=\"#\">T<\/a><\/li><li><a id=\"gti_sel_W\" href=\"#\">W<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"gti_clear\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"tagindex\"><div id='gti_div_A'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_A'>A<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/acidosis-ruminal\/\">Acidosis - Ruminal<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/adenomatosis-pulmonary\/\">Adenomatosis - Pulmonary<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/arthritis-in-sheep\/\">Arthritis in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_B'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_B'>B<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/barbers-pole-worm\/\">Barbers Pole Worm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/sheep-blowfly-strike\/\">Blowfly Strike<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/border-disease\/\">Border Disease<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_C'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_C'>C<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/campylobacteriosis-2\/\">Campylobacteriosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ccn\/\">CCN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cerebrocortical-necrosis\/\">Cerebrocortical necrosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/chlamydial-abortion\/\">Chlamydial Abortion<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/circling-disease\/\">Circling Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cobalt-deficiency-in-sheep\/\">Cobalt Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/coccidiosis-in-lambs\/\">Coccidiosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/coenurosis\/\">Coenurosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-ecthyma\/\">Contagious Ecthyma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-pustular-dermatitis\/\">Contagious Pustular Dermatitis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/contagious-respiratory-tumours\/\">Contagious Respiratory Tumours<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/copper-poisoning\/\">Copper Poisoning<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/cryptosporidiosis-in-lambs\/\">Cryptosporidiosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_E'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_E'>E<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/e-coli-infection-in-lambs\/\">E. coli infection in lambs<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/eimeria-in-sheep\/\">Eimeria in sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/encephalitis-listerial\/\">Encephalitis - Listerial<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/endoparasites-in-sheep\/\">Endoparasites in Sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/enzootic-abortion-in-ewes\/\">Enzootic Abortion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_F'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_F'>F<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/fasciola-hepatica-in-sheep\/\">Fasciola<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/fly-strike\/\">Fly Strike<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/foot-abcess\/\">Foot Abcess<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/foot-rot\/\">Foot Rot<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_G'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_G'>G<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/granuloma\/\">Granuloma<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/grass-staggers-in-sheep\/\">Grass Staggers in sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_H'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_H'>H<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/haemonchus\/\">Haemonchus contortus<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/hairy-shaker-lambs\/\">Hairy-shaker lambs<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/hypomagnesaemia-in-sheep\/\">Hypomagnesemia in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_J'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_J'>J<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/jaagsiekte\/\">Jaagsiekte<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/joint-ill-sheep\/\">Joint-ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_K'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_K'>K<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ketosis\/\">Ketosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_L'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_L'>L<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/listeriosis-in-sheep\/\">Listeriosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/liver-fluke-sheep\/\">Liver Fluke<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/louping-ill\/\">Louping-ill<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_M'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_M'>M<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/magnesium-deficiency-2\/\">Magnesium Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/mange-psoroptic\/\">Mange - Psoroptic<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/myiasis\/\">Myiasis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_N'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_N'>N<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/nematodirus\/\">Nematodirus battus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_O'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_O'>O<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/orf\/\">Orf<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_P'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_P'>P<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/parasitic-gastroenteritis\/\">Parasitic Gastroenteritis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pen\/\">PEN<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/polioencephalomalacia\/\">Polioencephalomalacia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pregnancy-toxaemia-in-sheep\/\">Pregnancy Toxemia<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/pulmonary-adenomatosis\/\">Pulmonary Adenomatosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_R'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_R'>R<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/roundworm\/\">roundworm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/roundworms-in-sheep\/\">Roundworms in Sheep<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/ruminal-acidosis\/\">Ruminal Acidosis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_S'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_S'>S<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/scab\/\">Scab<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/scald\/\">Scald<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/sheep-scab\/\">Sheep Scab<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/shelly-hoof\/\">Shelly Hoof<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/suppurative-polyarthritis\/\">Suppurative Polyarthritis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_T'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_T'>T<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/taenia-multiceps\/\">Taenia multiceps<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/teladorsagia-circumcincta\/\">Teladorsagia circumcincta<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/thiamine-deficiency\/\">Thiamine Deficiency<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/toxaemia\/\">Toxemia, Pregnancy<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/toxoplasmosis\/\">Toxoplasmosis<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/trichostrongylus\/\">Trichostrongylus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><div id='gti_div_W'><div class='blockletter' id='gti_W'>W<\/div><ul><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/watery-mouth-disease\/\">Watery Mouth Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/white-line-separation\/\">White Line Separation<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/white-liver-disease\/\">White Liver Disease<\/a><\/li><li style=\"width:100%;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/sheep-diseases\/\/worms-in-sheep\/\">Worms in Sheep<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div class='gti_clear'><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<h4>Blowfly Strike<\/h4>\n<p><em><strong>Also known as: Myiasis, Fly Strike<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8839\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/800px-Lucilia_sericata_01.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8839\" class=\"wp-image-8839 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/800px-Lucilia_sericata_01-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"800px-Lucilia_sericata_01\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/800px-Lucilia_sericata_01-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/800px-Lucilia_sericata_01-293x220.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/800px-Lucilia_sericata_01.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8839\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The adult<em> Lucilia sericata<\/em> are usually a metallic green and can also have a copper green color. The mouth parts are usually yellow. It is 10\u201314 mm long (from www.carnivoraforum.com)<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>Blowfly strike, or myiasis, is an important cause of sheep loss in a number of countries across the world, and in particular in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and South Africa. It is common for 1-3% of sheep in a flock to be affected by fly strike (<a href=\"#ref\">Broughan and Wall, 2006<\/a>). It is a costly disease of significant welfare concern (<a href=\"#ref\">Wall and Lovatt, 2015<\/a>). Fly strike is usually visible as a discolored, moist area of wool which, on closer examination, reveals maggots and is foul-smelling. Affected animals are restless, dull and reluctant to graze, and kick at the struck area. Rapid diagnosis and treatment is essential.\u00a0If untreated, strike will rapidly deteriorate causing\u00a0an\u00a0increased respiratory and heart rate, ammonia toxicity, coma and death.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The condition is caused by the invasion of living tissue by the larvae of dipteran flies. These flies can also reproduce in the absence of living matter. The females can lay over 1000 eggs, and under favorable conditions the life cycle may be completed in 7 days. Blowfly strikes usually occur in waves, with the odor from the first strike attracting other flies.<\/p>\n<p>There are several species of fly that can commonly parasitise sheep (<a href=\"#ref\">Morris and Titchener, 1997<\/a>), and these can be characterized as primary and secondary flies. Primary flies (<em>Lucilia sericata<\/em> (green bottles) lay eggs on soiled areas of fleece or wounds. The larvae lacerate the skin using their anterior hooks and begin to digest tissue by secreting proteolytic enzymes. Secondary flies such as <em>Lucilia Caesar<\/em>, <em>Protophormia terraenovae<\/em> (black blowfly), and <em>Calliphora erythrocephala<\/em> (bluebottle) are unable to initiate strike themselves but are attracted to the damage already done. Secondary bacterial infection often occurs and the animal may die of septicemia or the absorption of toxins from liquified body proteins.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_8840\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/lucilia_sericata06.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8840\" class=\"wp-image-8840 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/lucilia_sericata06-300x178.jpg\" alt=\"lucilia_sericata06\" width=\"300\" height=\"178\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/lucilia_sericata06-300x178.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/lucilia_sericata06.jpg 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8840\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>The larvae are white or yellowish through their development and reach a maximum of 12\u201318 mm before pupation (from www.carnivoraforum.com).<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<h4>Influential Factors<\/h4>\n<p>There are two main factors that affect the onset of fly strike (<a href=\"#ref\">Fenton <em>et al<\/em>., 1998<\/a>):<br \/>\n1. the prevalence of the flies; and<br \/>\n2. the susceptibility of the sheep.<\/p>\n<p>Climate is a critical risk factor and climate warming is likely to increase the risk of fly strike incidence (<a href=\"#ref\">Wall <em>et al.<\/em>, 2011<\/a>). In the UK, the population of flies increases dramatically from late spring into mid-summer (<a href=\"#ref\">French <em>et al<\/em>., 1995<\/a>). Higher mean temperature and rainfall are risks factors (<a href=\"#ref\">Broughan and Wall., 2007<\/a>) and attacks are associated with hot and humid weather. Climate models and forecasts may be used to provide farmers with advance warning, but they are very dependent on the accuracy of weather projections. They indicate expected average patterns of strike incidence and may not therefore be appropriate for individual farmers whose husbandry practices differ substantially from the average (<a href=\"#ref\">Wall <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>In hill sheep, unshorn sheep are attacked in the early part of the season, with a second wave occurring in August and September. In lowland flocks, shearing\u00a0is carried out earlier, and the first cases usually occur in July, often in lambs. There is some evidence to show ewes and ewe lambs are more susceptible than rams and male lambs (<a href=\"#ref\">Snoep <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>). Some breeds are more susceptible than others (see section below).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/LambBreech.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-8864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/LambBreech-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"LambBreech\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/LambBreech-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/LambBreech.jpg 481w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>The struck area is usually soiled or damaged in some way to attract flies. Shorn\u00a0sheep and young lambs with short fleeces are not usually attacked, but as the length of the fleece increases so does the risk of strike (<a href=\"#ref\">French <em>et al<\/em>., 1996<\/a>).The area around the tail or the breech is the most commonly infested area (<a href=\"#ref\">Snoep <em>et al.<\/em>, 2002<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Broughan and Wall., 2007<\/a>), <strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">although strike also importantly occurs over the withers, back and shoulders.<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Historically, tail length has\u00a0also been considered\u00a0a significant risk factor, and it has been reported that lambs that have not had their tails docked are at a much greater risk (<a href=\"#ref\">French <em>et al<\/em>., 1994<\/a>). However, tail docking has\u00a0serious welfare implications, and there are management options that can be utilized that reduce the risk of strike, without resorting to tail docking. These include regular dagging or clipping around the breeches and tail, which removes soiled wool and the resulting shorter wool is less likely to build up dung and urine and therefore be less attractive to flies. This is backed up by research by <a href=\"#ref\">Fenton <em>et al<\/em> (1998)<\/a>, which showed that it is the length of wool and the amount of soiling around the tail and breech area, and not the length of the tail that influences the degree of strike challenge. Further information can be found in the AWA &#8220;Management to avoid tail docking sheep&#8221; technical paper, which can be accessed <a href=\"http:\/\/animalwelfareapproved.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/TAFS-2-Management-to-Avoid-Tail-Docking-Sheep-v1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Soiling with feces or mycotic infection of the fleece, as a result of high humidity, can trigger an attack (<a href=\"#ref\">French <em>et al<\/em>., 1995<\/a>).\u00a0 There is also a predisposition of sheep to fly strike resulting from <strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/parasitic-gastroenteritis-in-ruminants\/\">gastrointestinal worms<\/a>,\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>causing diarrhea and soiling of the wool in the breech region (<a href=\"#ref\">Morley <em>et al<\/em>., 1976<\/a>). Shearing wounds, footrot lesions and headfly lesions may also become infested. Shearing can reduce the risk of fly strike by up to\u00a095% (<a href=\"#ref\">Broughan and Wall., 2007<\/a>), and shearing also makes wounds more visible.<\/p>\n<h4>Integrated pest management (IPM) for flystrike control<\/h4>\n<p>Integrated pest management is a form of applied ecology that supports chemical control with other measures, including appropriate husbandry and application of knowledge of blowfly behavior and ecology. It is a systems approach that involves developing prevention strategies that also take into account topography, microclimates, previous experiences of flystrike and management (<a href=\"#ref\">Sandeman <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>). Key to this approach is knowing when flies are likely to be most active, which may involve using monitor traps, so that control strategies are timely and effective.<\/p>\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1\">\n<h4>Know your enemy<\/h4>\n<p>The risk of strike is significantly associated with high blowfly abundance. Knowledge of the distribution within fields of <em>Lucilia<\/em> blowflies and their population dynamics can aid control regimes. <em>Lucilia<\/em> blowflies have been shown to be more predominant around the edges, in warmer and more humid areas of fields. In general, earlier and more intense farmer intervention, to reduce sheep susceptibility and treat struck animals during the blowfly season, would result in lower fly populations and reduced disease incidence, whereas at the start of the season, before fly populations increase, direct control of flies as well as treatment may be the best strategy (<a href=\"#ref\">Pitts and Wall, 2004<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Cruickshank and Wall, 2002a<\/a> and <a href=\"#ref\">Cruickshank and Wall, 2002b<\/a>). Practices such as ineffective burial of carcasses can result in increased fly abundance.<\/p>\n<p>Although low temperatures can cause significant mortality of the blowfly larvae during winter, the main cause of natural mortality is likely be parasitic (entomopathogenic) nematodes and fungi (<a href=\"#ref\">Pitts and Wall, 2005<\/a>).\n<\/div>\n<h4>The Life Cycle<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_8841\" style=\"width: 380px\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Torch-Vets-Blowfly-strike-Lifecycle1.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8841\" class=\"wp-image-8841\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Torch-Vets-Blowfly-strike-Lifecycle1-300x254.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"370\" height=\"314\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8841\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>from www.strikewise.com<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li>The life-cycle of a blowfly takes about 3-5 weeks and there are approximately 3 to 4 generations of blowfly annually.<\/li>\n<li>Adult blowflies are attracted by areas of wool which are wet or contaminated with feces, where they lay their eggs. Each adult female fly can lay approximately 200 eggs every few days throughout its life.<\/li>\n<li>Maggots hatch from the eggs and start off life at about 1 mm in length, but they grow quickly to reach over 1 cm within three days.<\/li>\n<li>It is the maggot feeding activity on the skin surface that causes damage and the development of a wound.<\/li>\n<li>Fully grown maggots drop off the sheep and burrow into the soil where they develop into a pupa.<\/li>\n<li>A new adult fly emerges after about two weeks<\/li>\n<li>During winter the blowflies remain in the soil as maggots, only emerging when the temperature rises sufficiently to allow the maggot to develop to the pupal stage.<\/li>\n<li>Adults begin to emerge from the soil in about late April or early May.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div data-canvas-width=\"224.97733333333323\">\n<div data-canvas-width=\"224.97733333333323\">\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1 or 2\">\n<h4 data-canvas-width=\"224.97733333333323\">When does the blowfly season start?<\/h4>\n<div data-canvas-width=\"224.97733333333323\"><a href=\"#ref\">Wall and Lovatt<\/a> (2015) recommend a simple procedure to predict the start of the blowfly season in the UK. Starting in January, this involves recording the daily outdoor minimum and maximum temperature, away from buildings, and adding these two daily measures together, dividing by two and subtracting nine. All of the positive daily totals are added together and the date on which they reach 150 should give a sufficiently accurate prediction of the start of the blowfly season. Preventive measures may then be needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4>Management Practices<\/h4>\n<div id=\"attachment_8863\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SheepShearing.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-8863\" class=\"wp-image-8863 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SheepShearing-200x300.jpg\" alt=\"SheepShearing\" width=\"200\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SheepShearing-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SheepShearing-682x1024.jpg 682w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SheepShearing.jpg 1331w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-8863\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Shearing before the onset of the fly season will minimize the risk of fly strike.<\/strong><\/p><\/div>\n<p>Control should be based on management practices that reduce the susceptibility of the sheep although the effectiveness will be very dependent on their timing in relation to seasonal changes in blowfly abundance and the effects of temperature and rainfall (<a href=\"#ref\">Fenton <em>et al<\/em>., 1998<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Fenton <em>et al<\/em>., 1999<\/a>). Control of gastrointestinal parasites may help to prevent soiling of fleeces. Sheep with soiled fleeces should be sheared around the tail area (also known as dagging). Although there are welfare concerns over tail amputation, tail docking does help reduce the risk of fly strike (<a href=\"#ref\">French <em>et al<\/em>., 1994<\/a>). Changing time of shearing to just before the annual strike season can help to reduce the number of individual animals struck (<a href=\"#ref\">McLean and Frost, 2003<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>There is evidence that decreased stocking rates reduces the risk of fly strike (<a href=\"#ref\">French <em>et al<\/em>., 1994b<\/a>). Breeding sheep with good fleeces and reduced susceptibility to fleece rot also reduces the risk (<a href=\"#ref\">O&#8217;Meara <em>et al<\/em>., 1992<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">O&#8217;Meara <em>et al<\/em>., 1997<\/a>). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/lameness-in-sheep\/\">Foot rot<\/a> should be kept under control, as this may predispose the animals to fly strike on their feet. Sheep with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/orf\/\">orf<\/a> should be checked regularly, as they may be prone to fly strike.<\/p>\n<h4>Can we select for resistance?<\/h4>\n<p>Sheep can be bred to resist the larvae and be less attractive to the fly, and although not yet used on a wide scale, there is good evidence to show that it is possible to select for resistance (<a href=\"#ref\">Raadsma, 1991; Sandeman <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>). Studies have found that fecal soiling, skin wrinkles, urine stain and breech cover were, in that order, the most important predisposing factor in susceptibility to breech strike, and these are all heritable and therefore suitable for use in identifying more resistant and susceptible animals (<a href=\"#ref\">Smith <em>et al<\/em>., 2009<\/a>). Interestingly, it is possible to train dogs to differentiate between resistant and susceptible sheep (<a href=\"#ref\">Greef <em>et al<\/em>., 2013<\/a>) and differences in the odor of struck sheep could potentially be used as an important indicator trait for resistance (<a href=\"#ref\">Smith <em>et al<\/em>., 2009<\/a>;<a href=\"#ref\"> Sandeman <em>et al<\/em>., 2014<\/a>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"one_half\">There are genetic differences in inflammatory responses to attack by blowfly larvae. This may be a potential trait used to select for resistance. Some, but not all sheep appear to acquire resistance to blowfly larvae infections after being continually exposed to consecutive infections. This appears to result from an induced hypersensitivity response that affects the survival of the blowfly larvae, whereby an exudate is produced from the infection site and there are skin reactions (<a href=\"#ref\">Sandeman<em> et al<\/em>., 1996<\/a>). Resistant animals have been shown to release more exudate\u00a0 (<a href=\"#ref\">O&#8217;Meara <em>et al<\/em>., 1992<\/a>). When the skin is damaged, plasma leakage occurs that provides nutrition for the blowfly larvae. There are differences between individuals with regard to the degree of plasma leakage, and this may be one of the factors, alongside other inflammatory responses, that gives some sheep greater resistance than others (<a href=\"#ref\">Colditz <em>et al<\/em>., 1992<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Colditz <em>et al.<\/em>, 1994<\/a>), although more recent work suggest that it is the wool characteristics that are likely to be the important difference between resistant and susceptible animals (<a href=\"#ref\">Colditz <em>et al<\/em>., 1996<\/a>).<\/div>\n<div class=\"one_half last\">\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1\">\n<h3>Strategies to control fly strike<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Dag to reduce soiling and\/or remove dirty wool around the breech<\/li>\n<li>Reduce the incidence of soiling by avoiding nutritional upsets causing scouring<\/li>\n<li>Have a sound <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/cattle-diseases\/parasitic-gastroenteritis-in-ruminants\/\">worm control<\/a> strategy<\/li>\n<li>Tail sheep<\/li>\n<li>Avoid breeding from sheep that are habitually struck and\/or tend to soil themselves due to their conformation<\/li>\n<li>Dispose of carcases quickly<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\">Reduce the incidence of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/disease-management\/sheep-diseases\/lameness-in-sheep\/\">footrot<\/a><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">from SCOPS (2012)<\/div>\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p>Some breeds have physical attributes that reduce their risk of fly strike. Breeds with a more open fleece may be at a reduced risk as they would be expected to have lower humidity at the skin surface and to dry more rapidly, thus proving less attractive (<a href=\"#ref\">Wall and Lovatt, 2015<\/a>). Susceptible sheep have also been shown to have smaller and more dense population of wool follicles than resistant sheep (<a href=\"#ref\">Watts <em>et al<\/em>., 1980<\/a>). Susceptible flocks have been shown to have fleeces with longer, heavier, thicker fibers with a lower crimp frequency, and higher fiber diameter with a higher variability, and fiber thickness has been proposed as a potential measure of blowfly resistance (<a href=\"#ref\">Raadsma, 1993<\/a>). Merino sheep have been shown to demonstrate a novel resistance to the growth of blowfly larvae via anti-larval factors in serum and a variety of white blood cells known as eosinophils (<a href=\"#ref\">Smith <em>et al<\/em>., 2008<\/a>).<\/p>\n<h4>Appropriate Insecticide Use<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SCOPSpermittedchemicals.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-8903\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SCOPSpermittedchemicals-249x300.png\" alt=\"SCOPSpermittedchemicals\" width=\"303\" height=\"365\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SCOPSpermittedchemicals-249x300.png 249w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/SCOPSpermittedchemicals.png 383w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/a>The insecticides recommended for the control of blowfly in the UK are Alpha-cypermethrin pour-on and Cypermethrin pour-on (both synthetic pyrethroids), the insect growth regulators (IGR) Cyromazine and Dicyclanil and the organophosphate OP Diazinon. The synthetic pyrethroid, Deltamethrin, is permitted for treatment only. The insect growth regulators are only used for control and not treatment; they are not suitable for established strike.<\/p>\n<p>The most common approach to blowfly control is the prophylactic use of insecticide growth regulators (<a href=\"#ref\">Bisdorff and Wall, 2008<\/a>). These are not used for treatment as their mode of action is different. IGRs disrupt the larval moulting process by interfering with cuticle formation and chitin synthesis, so whilst eggs are still deposited and hatch, larvae continue to die as they reach their first moult for more than 12 weeks after treatment (<a href=\"#ref\">Lonsdale <em>et al<\/em>., 2000<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Wall and Lovatt, 2015<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p>The appropriate timing of treatment can have a major impact on the level of flystrike. Treating for strike later in the season, once blowfly numbers have already peaked makes the disease more difficult to control. Early season application, before the blowfly population can increase substantially in numbers, is particularly important. To maintain a low strike risk throughout the year, it may be necessary to treat twice,\u00a0<strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">especially in a wet and humid year\u00a0(from <a href=\"http:\/\/www.strikewise.com\" target=\"_blank\">www.strikewise.com<\/a>). A shorter acting product can be used on ewes before shearing, while a longer acting product can be used on lambs. Ewes are largely protected after shearing by shorter fleece length\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>(<strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"#ref\">Wall and Lovatt 2015<\/a>).<\/span><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1\">\n<h4>Are you an organic farmer?<\/h4>\n<p>For organic farmers, organophosphate dips are not permitted. Where fly strike is a regular problem, insect growth regulators such as cyromazine and dicyclanil may be applied before the period of risk as part of an animal health plan on the basis of evidence of an actual risk, such as a veterinary declaration.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>Organophosphate dips are toxic to humans. Repeated exposure to organophosphate-based pesticides cause changes in the nervous system and measures should be taken to reduce exposure to organophosphates as far as possible during agricultural operations <\/strong>(<a href=\"#ref\">Murray <em>et al<\/em>., 1992<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Stephens <em>et al<\/em>., 1995<\/a>;<a href=\"#ref\"> Pilkington <em>et al<\/em>., 2001<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Cherry <em>et al<\/em>., 2002<\/a>; <a href=\"#ref\">Povey, 2010<\/a>). <strong>We do not encourage their use. Health and Safety procedures must always be followed.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>There are concerns about the toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates to soil and aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates to the point where their use has been controlled in many countries. There is very little information regarding the ecotoxicity of the \u2018insect\u2019-growth regulators. These ecotoxicity issues are discussed by <a href=\"#ref\">Beynon<\/a> (2012).<\/p>\n<div class=\"description clearfix style-1\"><strong>A\u00a0number of organizations<\/strong> <strong>do not permit the use of organophosphate products to treat livestock. Certified producers should consult with their certifying body.\u00a0<\/strong><\/div>\n<h4>Using fly traps<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Blowflytrap.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-8971\" src=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Blowflytrap-203x300.jpg\" alt=\"Blowflytrap\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Blowflytrap-203x300.jpg 203w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Blowflytrap-693x1024.jpg 693w, https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Blowflytrap.jpg 866w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 203px) 100vw, 203px\" \/><\/a>Fly traps can make an effective contribution to blowfly strike control on individual farms. However, to be economically viable they need to be efficient at attracting and killing flies large numbers of female flies over a sustained period of time. A variety of insecticide impregnated and baited traps have been tried but have been used mainly for monitoring (<a href=\"#ref\">Broughan and Wall, 2006<\/a>), with some success (e.g. <a href=\"#ref\">Smith and Wall, 1998<\/a>). Some traps, using synthetic bait, have been shown to be very effective against the <em>Lucilia cuprina<\/em> fly species commonly found in Australia, and are commercially available, although they are not effective against the <em>Lucilia sericata <\/em>species found in Europe (<a href=\"#ref\">Hall <em>et al<\/em>., 2003<\/a>).While rehydrated freeze-dried liver has been proposed as a convenient, easy-to-handle and an effective attractant (<a href=\"#ref\">Broughan and Wall, 2006<\/a>), there is still a requirement for a synthetically baited traps that could be easily used on farms. A home-made trap, using two 2-liter plastic drinks bottles, one clear and one brown, with offal as a bait (picture right), has been proposed by <a href=\"#ref\">Wall and Lovatt<\/a> (2015), but with no information about effectiveness.<\/p>\n<p><a id=\"ref\"><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"toggle\">\n<div class=\"toggle-title active\">Sheep Blowfly Strike References<span><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"toggle-inner\">\n<div id=\"zotpress-c6f958e4f4db90ef68e458e658340b42\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">254757<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID\" style=\"display: none;\">FDRN8W4G<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEM_TYPE\" style=\"display: none;\">items<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE\" style=\"display: none;\">apa<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT\" style=\"display: none;\">0<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY\" style=\"display: none;\">author<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER\" style=\"display: none;\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE\" style=\"display: none;\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID\" style=\"display: none;\">8837<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL\" style=\"display:none;\">https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":6555,"parent":1605,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8837"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8837"}],"version-history":[{"count":127,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8837\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11532,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/8837\/revisions\/11532"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1605"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6555"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.farmhealthonline.com\/US\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8837"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}