What is Farm Biosecurity?
Farm biosecurity is a set of management practices used to minimize the introduction and prevent the spread of pathogens on the farm. Pathogens are organisms or agents that cause disease and can be bacteria, viruses, parasites or protozoa, or can be agents such as toxins or chemicals.
Mode of transmission
How a pathogen is spread is their mode of transmission, and it can either be direct or indirect.
Direct transmission:
- Contact – from animal to animal, or person to animal (or vice versa)
- Droplet – through sneezing or coughing
- Bodily fluid – this include transplacental, and through lactation, or exchange of body fluids
Indirect transmission
- Machinery equipment and tools
- Pest and insect vectors
- Food and water
Biosecurity should be an important element within Animal Health Plans
The movement of infected livestock is the most effective means by which animals disease spread so implementing appropriate quarantine procedures and ensuring animals are purchased from farms with known disease status is necessary. Below are the routine steps that should be in place on all farms. However, different diseases come with different risks, and often disease is not always apparent, especially in the early stages. If you are concerned about introducing a specific disease onto your farm you should talk to your vet.
Bacteria – Single celled living microorganism that do not have a nucleus. There are millions of different species of bacteria, only some of which can cause disease.
Virus – Microscopic agent that can only multiply within a living cell. Common examples of pathogenic viruses are influenza virus, and bovine viral diarrhea.
Parasite – A parasite lives and feeds on or in another organism (the host), while contributing nothing to the survival of the host. External parasites (ectoparasites) are flies, fleas, lice, mites or ticks, or internal parasites (called Endoparasites) are worms.
Protozoa – Coccidia are protozoa. They are single celled organisms that have a nucleus, replicate asexually and do not have a cell wall.
Basic routine steps used on-farm to minimize the spread of disease:
- Handwashing and sanitation
- Boot dipping
- Disinfect cloths / equipment / trailers / machinery
- Quarantine purchased stock for 4 weeks
- Safe and correct storage of food and water
- Communication with neighbors
- Vaccination
Biosecurity – further reading
For more information and guidance on good on-farm biosecurity visit the AHVLA website here.
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